贵州清水河流域地下水质量现状与保护对策

Current condition of groundwater quality and the protective measures in Qingshuihe River Watershed,Guizhou Province

文章按水文地质条件将全区划分为19个地下水系统,并选择80组控制性水点在平水期进行有机和无机样品采集与测试。在此基础上对研究区地下水质量进行了评价,划分出水质区域,并以地下水系统为单元对污染物的来源和污染途径进行了分析。结果显示,80组地下水样品:不经任何处理可以直接饮用的Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水点中,无Ⅰ类水点,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水点共70组,占总水点的87.5%;经适当处理可以饮用的Ⅳ类水点6组,占总水点的7.5%;需经专门处理后才可饮用的Ⅴ类水点4组,占总水点5%。在水质分区中,无Ⅰ类地下水区域,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类地下水区域占总面积的93.84%,Ⅳ、Ⅴ类地下水区域占总面积的6.16%。影响地下水天然化学组分主要为"三氮"(NO3-、NO2-、NH4+)、总硬度、铁、锰、铝等无机指标,无有机指标检出。19个地下水系统中,6个系统的部分区域水质差,污染物多来自煤矿、养殖场及城镇生活排污,以污染物通过落水洞、洼地等进入地下水系统为主要的污染途径。针对以上污染特征,提出加强煤矿、养殖场和城镇生活污水处理,划定地下水饮用水源保护区等对策建议。

In this study, the region was divided into 19 groundwater systems based on geological con-ditions ,and 80 controlled water points thereof were selected for sampling and experimental tests of relevant organic and inorganic indicators during ordinary season. Groundwater quality evaluation was then carried out and a water quality oriented regionalization was done in the study area according to results of the evaluation. The pollutants source and pathway for pollution were also analyzed with groundwater system divided as unit. Results show that for the case where water is drinkable without any treatment as provisioned in groundwater quality standards Class I to Class III, no sampling points, among the 80 sampling points, can be categorized in Class I , while water samples from 70 sampling points can be categorized into Class II or in, accounting for 87. 5% of total; 6 sampling points is categorized in Class IV, where the water is drinkable after proper treatment, accounting for 7.5% of total; 4 sampling falls in Class V where the water is only drinkable after special treatment, accounting for 5% of total. According to results from water quality oriented regionalization, no ClassI groundwater zone is found in the area, while Class II and III as well as Class IV and V groundwater zones take up 93. 84 % and 6. 16% of the total respectively. Natural chemical components influencing underground water are primarily inorganic indicators such as the so called ＂ Three Nitrogen＂ （ N0 3_ , N02~ , NH4＋ ） , total hardness, iron, manganese, aluminum, and no organic indicator were detected. A-mong 19 groundwater systems, poor water quality is found in partial areas of 6 systems, with pollutants mainly from coal mines, livestock and poultry farms and other urban domestic sources. The majorities of pollutants may enter groundwater system through slockers or lacunes, etc. , countermeasures and sugges-tions are then proposed according to pollution characteristics summarized in the paper, for instance, strengthening treatment of wastewater from coal mines, livestock and poultry farms as well as other do-mestic sources and designating protection zone for ground drinking water source etc.