茶园异质性栖境对狼蛛科蜘蛛群落结构的影响

Effects of varying habitat heterogeneity on the wolf spider(Araneae: Lycosidae) communities in tea plantations

茶园生态系统中蜘蛛既是重要的天敌类群,又是改善生态系统服务的指示标志。为更好地保护与利用天敌蜘蛛进行生态防治,对亚热带丘陵地区不同栖境茶园的狼蛛科蜘蛛进行调查,并对其种类、年龄结构、性别比例等进行分析。结果表明:复杂栖境茶园(JZ)与简单栖境茶园(CK)间狼蛛科蜘蛛数量特征组成存在显著差异(P<0.001);狼蛛科蜘蛛优势种JZ茶园有3种,CK茶园有4种;JZ茶园雌蛛、雄蛛和幼蛛个体数分别是CK茶园的4.36倍、3.63倍和7.91倍。JZ茶园狼蛛科的年龄结构、性别比例等数量特征影响较大,总个体数量发生动态显著高于CK茶园(P<0.05)。主成分分析表明,JZ茶园明显向家福穴狼蛛(Houa jiafui)、幼豹蛛(Pardosa pusiola)和旋囊脉水狼蛛(Venonia spirocysta)等群落数量分布较多的方向偏移,而CK茶园则向数量减少方向偏移。研究表明,基于茶园异质性栖境管理,采用多样性种植方式来保持生态平衡,对保护和利用狼蛛科蜘蛛来增强害虫自然控制能力有深远意义,还有利于成为一种可持续改善茶园生态系统的管理方式。

Spiders can play an important ecological role in agricultural ecosystems, and they can also serve as indicators of improved ecosystem services. We examined the community-level responses of the wolf spider （Araneae： Lycosidae） in terms of its species composition, structure, and diversity by collecting samples from subtropical hilly tea plantations subjected to two types of production management： complex habitat management （JZ） and routine management （CK）. The results showed that there were three dominant species in plantation JZ, and four dominant species in CK. The quantitative characteristics of community composition were significantly richer in plantation JZ than in CK （P〈0.001）. Specifically, the numbers of females, males, and immature wolf spiders in plantation JZ were 4.36-, 3.63-, and 7.91-fold higher than those in CK. In plantation JZ, the characteristics of spider age, gender, and number of functional clusters were much higher than those in CK （P〈 0.05）, including the male and immature individuals total dynamic. Principal component analysis showed that distribution of community orientation offsets to the number of wolf spiders of the three species Houa jiafui, Pardosa pusiola, and Venonia spirocysta was higher in plantation JZ than in CK. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the complex habitat management of tea plantations is conducive to preserving the diversity of wolf spider species. In addition, to enhance natural pest control, such a management approaches may contribute further towards the sustainable improvement of agricultural ecosystems.