男女不平等:从私人领域到公共领域——从《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》谈起

Gender Inequality: From Private Space to Public Areas

私有制导致男女不平等在私人领域——家庭出现,进而产生基于生理性别的公私领域的性别分工,基于社会性别的劳动力市场隔离,并使男女不平等不断扩大和深入。直到机器大工业突破生理限制,逐渐打破男性在工业领域的霸权地位,使女性参与到社会各个领域,从家务劳动的束缚到工场手工业带来的家庭劳动工资收入的转变,再到家务劳动开始市场化、社会化,女性在私领域被压迫被剥削的根基逐渐动摇。但生育和性别角色定位对公私领域性别分工的强化在短期内难以改观,女性因生育以及养育等引起的劳动能力降低甚至劳动中断,使得男女在公共领域的平等尚难以彻底实现。需要通过确立生育的社会价值、完善生育保障制度、消灭劳动力市场性别隔离、构建平等的性别文化等,来最终打破公私领域的性别分工,并实现男女平等。

Private ownership leads to inequality between men and women in their private space, which in turn gives rise to the division of labor based on gender in public and private spaces, gender segregation in the La- bor Market, and the worsening of Gender inequality. Industrial production breaks through the physiological constraints, reduces men＇ s hegemonic status, and women participate in all areas of society, get freed from the shackles of domestic labor and become wage earners in handicrafts factories. From domestic labor to the pub- lic and social areas, women are no longer exploited for their depending position. However, gender segregation is difficult to change in the short term due to raising children and fixed gender roles. Moreover, the decreasing of labor capacity or disruption of labor caused by childbearing makes it difficult for men and women to achieve equality in the public sphere. Achieving gender equality requires the acknowledgement of reproduction＇ s so- cial value and social protection for maternity, equal gender culture, and elimination of gender segregation in the labor market and gender division of labor in the public and private areas ultimately.