尼采哲学的生态意涵探析

On the Ecological Meaning of Nietzsche's Philosophy

尼采并未直接谈论过生态问题,但在他尝试克服欧洲虚无主义危机并思索人类未来命运的同时,他的哲学恰恰展示出了一种深刻而系统的生态观。这种生态观从反思工业文明的弊端开始,把批判的矛头指向了推崇逻辑和追寻美德的苏格拉底。在尼采看来,苏格拉底的逻辑推理活动不但导致了科学的放任,其理性=美德=幸福的伦理学公式亦从根本上促成了一种反对自然的道德实践,两种力量共同绞杀自然,破坏了人与自然的和谐统一。尼采主张在生命的基础上,把人重新推向自然,并以审美化的艺术活动取代以往对自然的功利化考量和道德化误读,这在无形之中指出了一条通向新文明形态的肯定之路。

Nietzsche does not talk about the ecological problems directly, but his philosophy exact-ly reflects a kind of ecological view which is profound and systematic while he attempts to over-come the crisis of European nihilism and thinks about the future of human beings. This ecological view begins with rethinking of the disadvantages of industrial civilization, then Socrates is criticized for praising logic and pursuing virtue. From the view of Nietzsche, logical reasoning activities of Socrates not only lead scientific indulgence to ethics laissez-faire, and the ethical formula- rationality = virtue = happiness-also contribute to a moral practice against nature fundamentally. These two forces strangle the nature together, and also destroy the harmony of man and nature. Nietzsche advocates pushing people back to nature on the basis of life, reveling in the beauty of nature instead of examining nature in a utilitarian way, and at the same time he points out a road to new civilization.