从官匠到民匠——古代工匠身份的变化对中国古代建筑发展的影响分析

From Official to Civilian: the Influence of Position Change of Ancient Craftsmen on Chinese Traditional Architecture Development

中国古代工匠有着从官匠到民匠人身束缚获得解放的过程,反映了社会发展的正向趋势,但似乎与中国古代建筑发展规律有些相悖。通过分析工匠与营造过程的关系,发现分工协作设计引起了工匠群体内部的阶层分化,产生了稳定的基层工匠管理模式。大多数工匠在营造过程中的位置如模块构件一般可替换,其创造性受到自觉的约束;总领工匠被官方收编变成匠官,代表了官方意志而具有保守性。或许中国古代建筑的发展走向停滞与这两个层面的局限有关。

During the history of ancient Chinese society, craftsmen had experienced the process of personal liberation, which indicated the positive tendency of society development. This tendency, however, is just contrary to the law of Chinese traditional architecture development. This paper analyzes the relationship between craftsmen and construction management, exposing that division of cooperation and modularized design generated hierarchy inside craftsmen group and steady supervisor mode for grass-root craftsmen. Most craftsmen’s labor can be repeated and replaced somehow like the modularized construction component’s function, which constrained their creativity. And the chief craftsmen were incorporated into official forces on behalf of supervisors and became conservative for convenient management of construction.