大麻化学成分及药理作用的研究进展

Research Progress on Chemical Components of Cannabis sativa and Their Pharmacological Effects

大麻Cannabis sativa为桑科Moraceae植物,原产于印度,现也产于中国东北、华北、华东、中南等地区,长白山区各县也有栽培和半野生。大麻具有悠久的用药历史,常以种子入药,具有润燥、滑肠、通淋、活血之功效,主治肠燥便秘、热淋、消渴、月经不调。通过查阅国内外相关文献及专利,对大麻的化学成分、药理作用及开发利用进行总结,并分类归纳。大麻的叶、花、茎中有62个化合物,大麻中还有黄酮及其苷类化合物、生物碱类化合物、香豆素类化合物、萜类及甾醇类化合物、脂肪酸类化合物、菲类化合物及其他化合物。大麻及其有效成分具有镇痛、降眼压、抗肿瘤、抗呕吐、削弱恐惧性记忆、抗血压、抗血栓、抗菌、抗炎及其他药理作用。此外,大麻作为民间药材,多以复方药治疗疾病,并申报了多项专利,在保健品、饲料方面也申报了专利。根据国内外对大麻的研究,本文从化学成分、药理作用及开发利用方面对大麻的研究现状进行总结,希望能为进一步深入研究和合理利用大麻的药用资源提供参考依据。

Cannabis sativa is a plant of genus of Moraceae. It originated in India, and also grows in northeastern, northern, eastern and southern-central areas of China. It is cultivated and grows in Changbai Mountains. C. sativa has a long history of drug use; particularly, its seeds have effects in moisturizing dryness, laxation, treating stranguria, invigorating the circulation of blood, and the major effects in intestinal dryness and constipation, heat strangury, diabetes and irregular menstruation. Chemical components, pharmacological effects, and development and utilization of C. sativa were summarized by referring to relevant domestic and foreign literatures and patents. There are 62 compounds in the leaves, flowers and stems of Cannabis sativa. There are also flavonoids, glycosides, coumarin compounds, terpenoids and sterols, fatty acid compounds, phenanthrene compounds and other compounds. C. sativa and its active ingredients have analgesic, antihypertensive, anti- tumor, anti-vomiting, anti-fear memory, anti-blood pressure, anti-thrombosis, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological effects. In addition, C. sativa, as a folk medicine, is mostly applied in compound drugs,and found in many patents in healthcare products and feeds. According to domestic and foreign researches of C. sativa, this paper summarizes the findings of C. sativa in the aspects of chemical components, pharmacological effects, and development and utilization, in the hope of providing reference basis for further studies and rational utilization of medicinal resources of C. sativa.