社会工作者职业伦理困境与风险:基于实践场域的多主体分析

Professional Ethical Dilemmas and Risks of Social Workers:Based on Multi-subject Analysis of Practical field

随着中国社会工作职业化的纵深推进,越来越多的职业伦理困境和风险产生于社会工作实践当中。然而,关于我国社会工作伦理困境的研究却多以伦理理论本身作为研究对象,以哲学思辨为方法,缺乏实践案例与实证分析;与伦理困境相伴而生的职业风险也基本上被学界所忽略。因此,本研究采用多案例分析的研究方法,透过"案主—社工—机构—职业"的实践场域的多主体分析,讨论我国社会工作者所面临的社会工作伦理困境与职业风险。研究发现,以深圳、广州社工为代表的中国内地社会工作职业伦理困境,例如案主自决还是限制、隐私保密还是公开、专业服务中的私人关系等问题,多由社会工作者缺乏实践经验、专业伦理规范的模糊与缺失、案主在伦理中的主体性被忽略,以及社会工作者对伦理原则的认知误区等因素所导致。社会工作伦理困境又进一步产生出职业风险,如身心安全、行业处罚、被起诉等。社会工作者可以采用避免单独上门服务、规范服务流程、熟识相关法律政策、向资深从业者学习等策略去防范职业风险。另外行业协会与政府也需要借鉴欧美、港台先进经验,结合本土文化传统,搭建本土的伦理体系,并推动社会工作实践的法制化。

Following the professionalization of social work in China,increasing dilemmas and risks have been producing from practice for social work. However,most researches on dilemma of social work are taken ethic theory as object,and philosophical speculation as method of study. What's more,professional risks that are born with ethical dilemma of social work are ignored by academia basically. Therefore,through multi-subject analysis on practical field o'fclient-social worker-agency-profession',multiple-case analysis is used as study method to discuss the dilemmas and risks social workers faced in China's Mainland. The study found that professional dilemmas of social workers in China's Mainland,which are represented by Shenzhen and Guangzhou,such as client self-determination or restriction,confidentiality or openness of privacy,private relations in professional services,and so on,are mainly resulted from lack of practical experience of social workers,absence or ambiguity of the professional ethical norm,the neglect of subjectivity of the client in ethical practice,and the cognitive misunderstanding of ethical principles by social workers. Social workers' ethical dilemmas could produce occupational risks,such as physical and mental safety,profession penalties,stakeholder's prosecution and so on. Social workers can take advantage of several strategies,such as avoiding home-visit service alone,standardizing service processes,familiarizing with relevant laws and policies,and learning from senior practitioners to guard against occupational risks.In addition,professional associations and governments also need to learn advanced experience from Europe and the United States,Hong Kong and Taiwan,combine with local cultural traditions to build the local ethical system,and promote legalization for the practice of social work.