东亚三城市职业结构的后工业化与变迁

Post-industrialization and Transformation of Occupational Structure in Three Asian Cities

本文旨在检验近年来上海、东京和首尔的职业结构变迁。拟探讨下列问题:(1)考虑到三个国家处于不同经济发展阶段,是否上海、东京和首尔的职业结构对应于不同经济发展阶段而表现出不同形式;(2)三个城市的职业结构是何种程度的两极化/提高?(3)哪些人进入了新兴职业?是否存在社会-人口就业增长的分布模式?我们特别关注后工业化和职业转换之间的关系。研究结果表明,在上海,新出现的岗位主要集中在中等以上收入的范围,这表明上海正在进行职业结构升级;在东京和首尔,制造业工人的减少并伴随着中等收入工作的减少,后工业化表现出相同的两极化。愈发成熟的产业结构加深了东京职业的两极化,尽管首尔还没有达到同样的职业差异,但是呈现出突出的两极化,上层职业的强劲增长和底层职业的疲软态势。研究发现城市间弱势群体不同,但三个城市都存在职业分配不均的现象。

This paper aims to study the post-industrialization and transformation of occupational structure in Shanghai, Tokyo and Seoul recently. We discuss questions such as if occupational structure in Shanghai, Tokyo and Seoul changes according to different economics development statement, considering three countries is in different economics development statement; polarization and improvement of occupational structure in these three cities is in which level; who comes into emerging occupation and if distribution pattern of social-population employment increasing exists. We pay special attention to relationship between post-industrialization and transformation. The results suggest that in Shanghai emerging occupations focus on middle income occupations which means occupational structure is structure upgrading; in Tokyo and Seoul, manufacturing industry workers decrease along with decrease of middle income occupations, and post-industrialization shows the same polarization. More and more mature industrial structure deepens the polarization of Tokyo's occupations. Although the situation is not the same with Tokyo in Seoul, the polarization is more and more severe. Top occupations are developing fast and bottom occupations are fatigued and weak. This study suggests that the vulnerable groups are different in these three cities, but there are unequal distributions of employment in all three cities.The last part of the article summarizes our conclusions.