中国文化背景下谦逊型领导的结构和测量

The Structure and Measurement of Humble Leadership in Chinese Culture Context

随着经济的全球化和竞争环境的日益复杂化,谦逊对于领导者的重要作用引起了组织研究者们的关注。中国自古强调谦逊,谦逊对于领导者的重要性在中国古代典籍和领导者身上都有所体现。然而,已有的谦逊型领导理论和测量是在西方文化和价值观下发展起来的。领导的概念和结构嵌入在文化之中,会随着文化的不同而有所差异。因此,中国的谦逊型领导研究不能照搬西方的理论和方法。鉴于此,编制中国文化背景下的谦逊型领导测量量表。在已有理论和实证研究的基础上,阐述谦逊型领导理论的发展过程,对谦逊型领导的测量量表进行对比分析,开发中国文化背景下的谦逊型领导测量量表。量表开发严格遵循科学程序,这一过程包括3个阶段。第一阶段,通过半结构访谈,以286名员工和管理者的开放式问卷调查生成题项;第二阶段,精简量表,通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析评估量表的心理测量特性;第三阶段,评估量表的聚合效度和区分效度。研究结果表明,中国文化背景下的谦逊型领导量表具有良好的信度和效度,量表包括14个题项以及平易近人、欣赏他人、正确自我认知和开门纳谏4个维度,平易近人维度体现了中国集体主义文化的特点。开发的量表展现了中国文化背景下谦逊型领导的独特性,更好地满足管理研究回归管理实践的需求。此量表为未来谦逊型领导的实证研究做了工具上的铺垫,也为中国的谦逊型领导研究带来启示,促进其进一步的研究和发展。在管理实践中,领导者应摒弃英雄神话和"伟人"的形象,更多地关注员工在领导过程中的影响,通过对员工的友善和尊重来展现其人性的一面。中国的谦逊型领导深受中国传统文化的影响,与西方的谦逊型领导在结构上有着本质的区别,这一点值得研究者和管理者高度重视。

With economic globalization and increasingly complex competition environment, the important effect of humility on leaders has attracted the increased attention to researchers. Humility, emphasized since ancient times, has been very important for leaders, which is embodied in both the Chinese ancient classics and leaders. However, Existing humble leadership theories and its measurements are developed from the western culture and values. The concept and structure of leadership is embedded in the culture, which varies with different cultures, so humble leadership research in China cant copy directly the western theories and methods. Given this, this study carries out research on measurement scale of humble leadership in Chinese culture context. On the basis of the existing theoretical and empirical research, this study initially states the development process of humble leadership theory. Then it analyzes contrastively the measurement scales of humble leadership. Finally, this study develops the measurement scale of humble leadership in Chinese culture context. Scale development in this research strictly follows the scientific proce- dures, and the process involves three phases. In phase 1, we generate items through semi-structured interview and 286 employ- ees and managers＇ open questionnaire survey. In phase 2, we refine the new scale and assess the basic psychometric properties of the new scale through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In phase 3, we assess the scale~ convergent validity and dis- criminant validity. The results show that the measurement scale of humble leadership in Chinese culture context has good reliability and validi- ty. The scale consists of 14 items and includes four dimensions, namely approachability, appreciate others＇ abilities, correct self- awareness, and openness to feedback in which approachability reflects the characteristics of Chinese collectivism culture. The scale developed in this research shows the uniqueness of humble leadership in Chinese culture context, and also meets preferably the needs of ＂practical turn＂. The scale provides the measurement foundation for future empirical research in the field of humble leadership. In addition, the study brings the illumination for the study of humble leadership in China, and promotes its further study and development. In management practice, leaders should abandon the ＂great man＂ image on leadership, focus more on how employees influence the process of leadership, and show their humanness by being kind and respectful to employ- ees. Humble leadership in China influenced by Chinese traditional culture, compared with the humble leadership in the west, has essential differences on the structure, which requires high attention to researchers and managers.