皇明异典:明中期传奉医官的身份、迁转与政治文化

The Identity,Reassignment and Political Culture of Medical Officers in the Mid-Ming Era

明中期,医官身份逐渐固化,专业化的趋势也让他们渐渐远离了传统的儒医形象。非科举正途出身的医官,越来越受到文官的蔑视。但在明成化、弘治两朝的传奉升授浪潮中,医官成为主要的受益群体之一,得以突破自身身份的限制,迁转至文官系统。因此,文臣与医官之间的矛盾逐渐激化。虽然传奉医官仅仅被授予超越医官的职位,并未有超越医政的职权,但这并不妨碍文臣将其视为异端。官员出身的限制、文官与伎术官的分野在此时成为争论的焦点。通过成化、弘治两朝传奉医官升迁及其争议的考察,可以窥见明代医官选拔的制度化过程,以及官僚体制中政治文化对于医官身份及社会形象的塑造。

The identity of medical officers was consolidated in the mid-Ming era,when a trend toward professionalization gradually set them apart from the traditional image of the Confucian physician.Medical officers who had not passed the imperial examinations were increasinglylooked down on by civil officers.But in the Chenghua and Hongzhi reigns,there was a trend for eunuchs to'submit orders for official appointments'that made it possible to become an official without passing the examinations.Medical officers were among the main beneficiaries of this practice;many were able to break through the restrictions on their status and move into the civil service,a shift that intensified the conflict between civil officials and medical officers.Although the medical officials thus promoted had been raised to higher positions,their powers were limited to medical administration.However,that did not prevent officials in the civil stream from treating these newly promoted medical professionals as heterodox.Limits on the ways one could become an official and the distinction between civil and technical officials were hotly debated.Investigation of how medical officers were promoted and the debates surrounding this topic in the Chenghua and Hongzhi reigns can give us an understanding of the institutionalization of medical officers'selection in the Ming dynasty and the way their identity and image were shaped by the political culture of the bureaucracy.