教区、收费信托与近代英国道路治理体系变革

The Parish,the Turnpike Trust and the Reform of British Road Administration in the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries

自16世纪始,教区成为英国道路治理体系的基层组织。17世纪英国商品经济日趋活跃,陆路运输愈益专业化,引发了交通困局。17世纪下半叶,议会立法力图强化教区制,但无法解决道路通行的外部性问题和资金瓶颈问题,困局并未缓解。从17世纪末开始,经议会授权的收费信托成为道路治理体系的另一主体。收费信托解决了旧治理体系下用路者与维护者分离的矛盾,在确保公共道路通行自由权和公共所有权的前提下,实现了道路的有效维护和监管,同时扩大了维护资金的融资渠道,实现利益的均衡增长,为交通繁忙路段的维护、建设和改进提供了有效途径。近代英国的道路治理是地方治理的重要内容,并始终受议会监管。

Starting from the 16^(th) century,the parish was the base-level organization of English road administration.In the 17^(th) century,the flourishing of the commodity economy and the specialization of road transport led to a transportation quandary.In the latter half of the 17^(th) century,parliamentary legislation tried to strengthen the parish system,but was unable to resolve its problems due to through-road externalities and funding bottlenecks.From the end of the 17^(th) century,parliament authorized another road management body,the turnpike trust.These resolved the former system's contradiction between road users and those responsible for road upkeep,achieving effective road maintenance and supervision premised on freedom of passage and public ownership.The turnpike trust also expanded channels for funding road maintenance and helped achieve a balance of interests,providing an effective means of maintaining, constructing and improving heavily used roads. Road governance under parliamentary supervision was an important part of local governance during this period.