从满汉文献对比看北京话前后中元音合并的年代

The Merging Time of Front-Mid Vowel/e/and Back-Mid Vowel/o/in Beijing Dialect:Comparing Manchu and Chinese Documents

以往学术界基本认为,北京话前后中元音音位/e/与/o/的合并是在19世纪末《官话萃珍》时代完成的,但清代的汉文文献与满文文献表现出不同的演变轨迹。清代的汉文文献一直显示中元音音位未合并,直到清末传教士富善《官话萃珍》才显示出合并的现象。早期的满汉对音文献显示,当时的中元音音位还未完全合并;中期的满文文献显示出两种不同的现象:没有对音的满文文献显示当时的中元音已经完全合并,有对音的满文文献显示还未完全合并;晚期的满文文献显示当时的中元音在撮口呼前还存在对立。之所以如此,是因为满文对音自康熙末年以来陈陈相因,不足以表现语音演变的实际。北京话前后中元音很可能首先在内城完成,然后扩散到外城。这是由内外城人口结构的差异造成的,内城居住的是满族人,外城居住的是汉族人。

In the past,it w as generally agreed in academia that the front middle vow el/e/merged w ith back middle vow el/o/in Beijing dialect in the late 19th century w hen A Character Study of Mandarin Colloquial w as published.In the Qing dynasty,M anchu documents reveal a different developing path of such merger from Chinese documents.Chinese documents show that the front middle vow el/e/had not merged w ith its back counterpart/o/until A Character Study of Mandarin Colloquial w as compiled by Chauncey Goodrich in the late 19th century.In the early Qing Dynasty,the M anchu-Chinese transcription documents show that the front middle vow el/e/merged w ith the back counterpart/o/in the open and round syllables but not in the syllables w ith the medial of i.In the middle time of the Qing Dynasty,the documents w ithout M anchu transcription show that the front middle vow el/e/merged w ith the back counterpart/o/entirely,but the documents w ith M anchu transcription do not show any merge.In the late time of the Qing Dynasty,the front middle vow el/e/is in contrast w ith the back counterpart/o/in the syllables w ith the medial of y.The reason is that M anchu-Chinese transcription hasn’t been modified according to the new changes of time since the late years of Kangxi,so the M anchu-Chinese transcription can not reflect the true picture of development of Chinese.The entire merger w as likely to firstly arise at inner city then to extend to outer city.This is caused by different population structures of inner and outer city,and the inner city is populated w ith M anchu people w hile the outer is Han people.