试论吐蕃占领敦煌后期的鼠年变革——敦煌“永寿寺文书”研究

On the Reform at Dunhuang in the Year of the Rat During the Late Tibetan Occupation—A Study on Dunhuang Documents about the Yongshou Temple

吐蕃占领敦煌后进行过多次制度性的改变和调整:公元790年政治上废乡里、建部落制,经济上建突田、突课制是第一次变革;820年建沙州汉人二军部落体制,是第二次变革;而832年(鼠年)推行的第三次变革,则人所未知。本文通过敦煌永寿寺系列文书,钩沉出此年吐蕃统治当局曾下令民间契约一律用吐蕃文书写的命令,同时下令收回佛教信众供养给佛寺的所有农田草地林苑,重新分配给百姓为口分地,这是其统治晚期鼠年的又一次变革。此次变革的社会效果有限,其产生的社会民族矛盾激化,导致了吐蕃在敦煌统治的覆灭。

The Tibetans carried out several systematic reforms and adjustments after they occupied Dun- huang. In the first reform of 790 CE, the political system of townships and villages was abolished and replaced by a tribal system, while economically, the tu（a unit of area equal to ten mu） land and tax system was implemented. In the second reform of 820 CE, a two-army system consisting of Han peoples was founded in Shazhou and was followed twelve years later by a third reform in 832 CE （the year of rat）, about which nothing was formerly known by researchers. By studying a series of documents from the Yongshou Temple at Dunhuang, this paper attempts to outline this final reform of the late Tibetan occupation, in which the Tibetan rulers ordered that all civil contracts should be written in Tibetan languages; that all the farm land and trees donated by Buddhist fol- lowers to temples should be taken back; and that all the land should be reaUocated among the common people. The social effect of this reform was limited, but the social and ethnic conflicts cause by the reform directly lead to the end of Tibetan reign at Dunhuang.