论反垄断法对国有企业的豁免

On Immunity of State-Owned Enterprisesin Antitrust Law

域外绝大多数国家或地区的反垄断法覆盖了国有企业,未给予国有企业普遍豁免,但存在主要适用于国有企业的具体豁免。具体豁免的情形主要包括:国有企业的垄断行为不属于市场行为或经济行为;国有企业不具有独立地位;国有企业处于特殊管制行业或战略行业;国有企业承担具有主权属性的职能;国有企业承担具有公共服务属性的业务;国有企业受其它特别法规制。各国或地区一般采用功能标准而不是机体标准来考量其反垄断法是否豁免国有企业。我国《反垄断法》也包含有主要适用于国有企业的豁免规定,但立法条文较为模糊,造成了反垄断法实施的不确定性。因此,有必要由国务院反垄断委员会制定《反垄断法豁免国有企业指南》,以使相关规定具体化。

Anti-monopoly law （AML） in most of foreign countries and regions shall be applied in state--owned enterprises （SOE） and stipulates that only in particular cases SOE shall be exempted from application of AML but not in general ca- ses. Cases of specific exemptions include that monopolistic conducts of SOE are of no market activities or economic activities, that the SOE is of no independent position, the SOE is in a special regulatory or strategic industry, the function of SOE is of sovereignty attributes, the SOE is of public service function and that the SOE is regulated by certain special laws. Foreign countries and regions usually consider whether SOE shall be exempted from application of AML on the basis of functional criterion instead of organic criterion. China＇s AML also provides exemption provision of SOE, but the provision is quite obscure, which brings uncertainty of enforcement of AML. Therefore, it is necessary for the Anti-monopoly Commission of the State Council to draft Guideline of AML Exemption in SOE so as to make the provision specific and applicable.