占卜梦兆与“科名前定”观念——科举制度下金代文人的社会心态(一)

Divination Fortune-teller,Omen of Dream to Fame,and“Fatalism”Concept——On the Social Mentality of Literati's under the Imperial Examination System in Jin Dynasty(a)

经由科举入仕是古代文人最主要的仕进之途,然而由于录取名额有限,科场竞争十分激烈,既给广大士子以极大的希望,同时也带来巨大的心理压力。金代是由女真族统治的少数民族政权,吸收唐宋之制,实行科举取士制度。不少金代文人在科考前,或是占卜问卦,或是求仙访道,以求得一个美好的前程,甚至于一些奇异的梦境或是现实中的异常事象,也往往被看作是夺取功名的吉兆。无论是占卜,还是梦兆,从根本上来说,只是一种精神上的焦虑,或是一种心理安慰,但却反映了金代文人浓厚的"科名前定"的观念。

Going through the ancient imperial examination is the most important way to officialdom,however,due to the limited admissions, the examination competition is fierce, both to our scholars with great hope, but also bring enormous psychological pressure. Jin Dynasty was a minority regime established by the Jurchen, absorbing not only the political system of Tang and Song Dynasty, but also the implementation of imperial examination system. Many families in the Jin Dynasty scholar exam, divined or went to fortune-teller,or begged immortal,or visited Taoists,in order to achieve a better future,and even some strange dream or reality of things like abnormal,It is seen as a good omen to win fame. Whether divination,or dreams,fundamentally speaking,is a spiritual anxiety,or a psychological comfort,but it reflects the strong “Fatalism” concept of the literati in Jin Dynasty.