残疾人就业能力理论及其政策演进

Theory on Employability for the Disabled and Its Policy Evolution

劳动权是每个公民的基本权利,就业是残疾人融入社会的关键,推动并实现就业是对残疾人群体最佳的福利供给。劣势集聚导致残疾人丧失参与市场竞争的议价能力,缺乏实现自由意志能力的"积极自由"。就业能力理论以就业能力为关注焦点,以提升就业能力为政策设计的主旨,契合当下流行的"积极福利"的思想。随着社会和文明的进步,对残疾人就业能力的认知经历了无就业能力、低于健全人的就业能力和与健全人就业能力相当三个阶段,残疾人就业的政策实践也随之从生存保障型经由社会融合型向权利保障型转变,并逐渐以就业能力理论为指引,将残疾人就业政策的重心放到"可行能力"上,通过以就业能力为中心的能力给付实现残疾人的增能赋权。

The right to work is the basic right for each citizen and being employed is the key to social integration of the disabled. Therefore, promoting employment is the best welfare for the disabled. However, disadvantage agglomeration leads to their loss of ability to participate in the market competition of bargaining and lack of positive freedom to achieve free will. The theory on employability focuses on promoting employability, which corresponds with the current ideology of positive welfare. With the progress of society and civilization, the cognition on employability of the disabled can be divided into three stages：1） without employability; 2） with inferior employability; 3） with equal employability. The theme of the practice on employment of the disabled has accordingly changed from the survival security to the right security through social inclusion. Under the guidance of the theory on employability, the employment policy for the disabled will emphasize the relief of feasibility and the enhancement of employability so as to achieve the empowerment of the disabled.