摘要
近些年,土壤重金属污染日益严重,已对人类健康和社会发展造成严重威胁。同时,土壤污染修复技术也飞速发展,尤其是生物修复技术的发展,为重金属污染修复提供了更为高效、绿色的手段。本文对生物修复特点、发展历程、植物修复和微生物修复的研究进展进行综述,期望能对土壤重金属污染生物修复的研究提供参考。近些年来,生物修复领域引进了系统生物学、宏基因组学、转基因技术等方法,用整体的、系统的眼光看待生物修复过程,以此解决生物修复技术在不同环境条件下效果不稳定等问题,这对其产生了意义深远的影响。在植物修复方面,研究集中在利用转基因植物修复污染、利用细胞工程技术强化植物修复和发展农作物类超积累植物等方面。微生物修复的研究重点在于微生物的筛选改造以及植物-微生物联合修复。生物修复的发展面临诸多问题,首先,现阶段的研究主要集中在实验室和小规模样地阶段,大规模环境修复的案例还很少,有些修复手段虽然在实验室取得较好效果,可一旦应用于工程实际,因外部环境变的复杂且不可控,就会出现一系列的问题,其次,单纯的生物手段很难修复重度重金属污染土壤,因为生物修复的基础是生命的新陈代谢活动,每种生物对重金属都有一定的耐受范围,超出范围,生物修复的效果就会大打折扣;最后,生物修复效果的不稳定问题也是其难以大规模应用的重要原因。对于以上问题的解决可以从以下5方面入手:1)培养、选育超积累植物,筛选更加适合的微生物作为生物材料进行环境修复植物和微生物的筛选和培育是生物修复技术的基础,生命宝库巨大且神秘,需要研究人员的不懈探索;2)利用现代生物技术对生物材料进行改造,如转基因技术、细胞融合技术、细胞杂交技术和生物诱变技术等因为自然的植物和微生物在应用于重金属修复时存在诸多劣势,需利用现代生物技术对其进行改造,以提高其对环境的耐受性和修复效率;3)将生物修复重金属污染作为一个系统进行研究,通过基因组学、蛋白质组学的研究,了解系统中生命的代谢途径和调控机制,运用系统生物学和生物信息学的方法,整体把握整个生物修复过程,提高生物修复效果的稳定性;4)新技术、方法的应用现阶段在土壤修复领域的新技术、新方法不断涌现,如环保新材料沸石等土壤调理剂的应用可有效改善土壤性质,提高植物和微生物的修复效率,增强生物对污染物的抗性,生物修复的知识体系应不断吸收新的技术方法,使之更加高效、完善;5)发展联合修复方式任何一种修复手段都有其优势和劣势,单一的修复方式往往很难达到效果,在实际修复过程中应取长补短,综合运用各种修复技术和手段。对于生物修复来说,超积累植物、功能微生物、物理化学环保新材料的综合应用是未来发展的主要方向和目标。现有的土壤重金属钝化、固定化技术只是将重金属暂时封存,很容易造成二次污染,难以达到彻底修复的目的。因此发展能彻底将重金属从土壤中移除或清除的技术才是未来研究方向。
In recent years, the heavy metal pollution of soil is becoming more and more serious, it has been a serious problem to human health and social development. At the same time, the remediation techniques also are developed rapidly, especially the development of bioremediation technologies, providing an efficient, co'o-friendly way to solve this problem. This paper provides a brief introduction to the characteristics and present situation of heavy metals contaminated soils in China, and comparisons of the traditional physical and chemical-remediation techniques with the bioremediation technologies, features and developments of bioremediation, especially in phytoremediation and micro-remediation were reviewed, in order to give a basis for other studies in this area. Recently, with an overall and systematic view, bioremediation through systematic biology, metagenomics and transgenic techniques were introduced to solve the unsteady problem for bioremediation under different conditions. In terms of phytoremediation, studies were mainly focused on transgenic plants, cell engineering technology to strengthen phytoremediation, develop crop plants for phytoremediation. Micro-remediation was focused on screening new microorganisms and plant-microorganism combined bioremediations. The development of bioremediation faces many problems, first of all, most current studies are still in laboratory and small-scale stages, large-scale studies are rare, although some remediation techniques worked well in the laboratory, when applied to engineering practice, the environment factors becoming complicated and uncontrollable, a series of problems would be happening. Secondly, it is hard to repair severe heavy metal pollution only using bioremediation, as bioremediation is based on the metabolic activity of cells, every creature has a certain range of tolerance to heavy metal, beyond the range, the effect of bioremediation will be greatly reduced; Finally, the instability of bioremediation is also a big problem which limits its large-scale application, the solutions for those problems can be summarized in four aspects: 1 ) Cultivating and selecting plants that are highly capable of accumulating of pollutants, screening more suitable microbes, as biological materials for bioremediation. 2) Using advanced bio-technologies to modify bi6materials, such as gene transformation, cell fusion, cell hybridization, and biological mutagenesis, etc. 3) Regarding the bioremediation as a system, through the methods of genomics, proteomics, to understand the metabolic pathway and mechanism, using the method of systems biology and bioinformatics, controlling the bioremediation process, improving the stability of bioremediation. 4 ) Application of the new technologies and new methods. In this field, new technologies and methods were often found; people should combine bioremediation with that, in order to increase the efficiency of restoration. 5) Development of associated remediation. Because every remediation technique has its limitations, in practice, the best way to remediate must be associated with methods.
作者
刘少文
焦如珍
董玉红
刘彩霞
Liu Shaowen Jiao Ruzhen Dong Yuhong Liu Caixia(State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration Research Institute of Forestry, CAF Beijing 100091)
出处
《林业科学》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2017年第5期146-155,共10页
Scientia Silvae Sinicae
基金
国家林业局引进国际先进林业科学技术项目"生化黄腐酸高效发酵菌种及生产工艺引进"(2013-4-54)
关键词
土壤重金属
生物修复
植物修复
微生物修复
研究进展
heavy metal
bioremediation
phytoremediation
micro remediation
research progress