齐齐哈尔市土地利用生态安全预警研究

Study on early warning for ecological security of land use in Qiqihar city

以黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市为研究区,基于RS和GIS技术,揭示1990~2015年土地利用变化特征及规律,运用"压力-状态-响应"模型构建生态安全预警指标体系,在500 m×500 m栅格单元内实现齐齐哈尔市土地利用生态安全预警测度及评价。结果表明,(1)研究区耕地、林地及未利用地面积持续增长,草地、建设用地面积呈波动式增长,水域面积大幅度缩减,土地利用变化过程由剧烈趋于平缓;(2)1990~2015年,研究区生态安全水平总体呈上升趋势,警情级别由中警转化为轻警,逐渐向预警区间过渡,退耕还林还草、水土流失治理等生态建设性投入取得成效;(3)区域生态安全警情时空分异特征显著,市辖区安全水平较低,中部地区、主要流域及林区水平较高,25年间警情综合指数低值分布范围逐渐缩减,高值范围持续扩张,轻警面积逐渐取代中警居于优势地位。研究结果可为区域土地生态安全监测治理、构建生态安全格局以及土地利用规划提供依据。

Land ecology security was the basis of sustainable development of human and society. Supported by RS and GIS technology, taking Qiqihar city in Heilongjiang Province as the study area, the paper analyzed characteristics of land use change in Qiqihar city from 1990 to 2015. And then eady warning index system for ecological security was established on basis of ＂Pressure-State-Response＂ model. Finally, 500 m × 500 m girds have been established to put the measurement and evaluation of early warning for land-use ecology security into effect in Qiqihar city. The results showed that, （1） The area of cultivated land, forest land and unused land kept increasing. Grassland and construction-used land area fluctuated with increasing trend. Water area reduced greatly year by year. In the process of land use change, the speed and intensity tended to be gentle; （2） The level of ecological security in the study area showed an upward trend during the period from 1990 to 2015. The warning grade had transformed from the medium alarm to light alarm and approached the early alarm interval gradually. The results had been benefited from the ecological construction investment of returning cultivated land to forest and grassland, water loss and soil erosion control and so on; ~ The temporal and spatial variation characteristics of regional warning situation were significant. The municipal district ecological security level was low. And the ecological security level of central region, the main river basin and forest region was relatively high. In the past 25 years, the area with low values of warning situation composite indexes reduced gradually, and high value of the area continued to expand. The light alarm grade area gradually replaced the dominant position of the medium alarm grade finally. The research could provide scientific evidence for the regional land ecology security monitoring and control, the construction of ecological security pattern and the land-use planning.