瑞典大坝安全和大坝公共安全

Swedish dams, dam safety and public safety around dams

笔者简要介绍了瑞典的大坝、大坝安全以及大坝的公共安全情况。瑞典国内约有10 000座大坝,规模、类型及坝龄各异。根据国际通用的分类法,其中约有190座水电站大坝被归类为大型坝。有些水电站大坝非常古老,但大多数都建于20世纪50年代之后,主要坝型是土坝和堆石坝。总体而言,瑞典的水电站大坝性态良好,但也出现了一些问题:比如由于反滤层颗粒太粗,土石坝冰碛心墙出现了内部侵蚀;再比如,由于早些年的混凝土施工方法问题,老混凝土坝出现了恶化问题。瑞典正在对其大坝进行除险加固,以达到现行行业安全导则《瑞典大坝安全导则》(简称RIDAS)的要求,其中包括有关设计洪水的新规定。目前,瑞典正在执行导则,对大坝进行大规模的除险加固计划。接下来的几年中,国家、电力行业和高等院校将采取联合行动,为大坝和大坝安全领域提供必要的人才资源。除了技术方面,还利用了系统视角,包括风险分析,不仅包含了相应的技术,还包含了人员和组织方面的因素。这部分工作非常成功,吸引了许多博士生和研究人员的加入。目前,瑞典没有针对大坝安全的专用法律,但在其他监管框架中,有关于大坝安全的规定,其中最核心的是《环境法典》和《民事保护法案》。根据这些法规,要求运营人员掌握必要的知识,能从环境和健康角度调查和评估运营过程中存在的风险,能拟定和遵从自主管理的规章制度,或采取必要的措施并具备防止损毁的能力。瑞典正在对其监管系统进行改革,政府调查建议,未来国家应加强这方面的管控。目前,在欧洲和世界各地,人们越来越关注大坝的公共安全问题。目前,瑞典正在实施新的行业导则,包括风险分析、预警、防御活动和设施。

This paper is giving very brief information on Swedish dams, dam safety and safety for thepublic around dams.There are an estimated 10 000 dams in Sweden, of varying size, type and age. Of these, 190 are hy-dropower dams classified internationally as large dams. Some of the hydropower dams are very old butmost of them were built later than 1950. Earth and Rock fill dams are in majority.The Swedish hydropower dams have in general performed well, but some problems have arisenlinked to internal erosion in embankment dam moraine cores due to too coarse filters and other to deterio-ration in older concrete dams due to concrete construction methods in earlier days.Swedish dams are under upgrading to meet now industry safety guidelines RIDAS including newguidelines on design floods. An extensive program of upgrading the dams to implement the guidelines isgoing on.In later years mutual actions from the state, power industry and universities have been taken to pro-vide necessary competence for the future in the dam and dam safety field. Besides the technical issues asystem view is applied including risk analyses involving not just technology but also personal and organi-zational aspects. This effort is successful and involving many doctor students and researchers.Sweden has no specific law on dam safety for the time being. There are regulations on dam safety inseveral regulatory frameworks, the most central of which are the Environmental Code and the Civil Pro-tection Act. Under these regulations, the operator is required to obtain the necessary knowledge, investigate and assess the risks involved in the operations from environmental and health perspectives, drawup and follow routines for self-regulation and otherwise take requisite measures and be prepared to pre-vent damage.The Swedish regulatory system is under revision and a governmental inquiry is proposing a stron-ger grip from the state for the future.Public Safety around dams is of growing interest in Europe and around the world today. New Swed-ish industry guideline is under implementation, including risk analyses, warning and hindering activi-ties and installations.