出土简牍法律文献的定名、性质与类别

Naming, Nature and Categories of Legal Documents Written on Unearthed Bamboo Slips and Wooden Tablets

百年来出土、发现的出土简牍法律文献,数量众多,类别丰富,因而从文献学、法律史学的视角辨析其定名、性质、类别的必要性毋庸赘言。就定名而言,律令类简牍或可不从"文书"之类,而当归入书籍并作为独立门类。就性质而言,应辨析墓葬出土法律文献抄本与原本的关系,追问"为何抄写"、"如何抄写",将有助于对文献的产生、性质、流播的判断。简牍法律文献的大致类别,有律、令、课程品式、法律解释、案例汇编、散见案件、司法档案、司法文书及官箴吏训。类别之明,可透视当时法律文献的生成途径。

Numerous legal documents in forms of bamboo slips and wooden tablets have been discovered in the past century. It is necessary to discuss the naming, nature, and categories of those documents. In terms of naming, the documents preserved on bamboo slips and wooden tablets could be classified as a special kind of books, instead of simply calling them documents. In terms of nature, judgement can be made by analyzing the relation between the unearthed versions with the originals, and by examination of the reasons and ways of the follow-up copies that have been produced. The concerned legal documents can be roughly put into the following categories: law, order, evaluation norms, interpretation of laws, case compilation, scattered case records, judicial records, judicial documents, and officialdom exhortations.