研古习今,传承创新——从避暑山庄的植物景观营建谈生态园林建设

Make the Past Serve the Present to Inheriting and Innovating——Discussion on the Construction of Eco-landscape from the Garden Planting of the Mountain Resort

避暑山庄是以朴野的自然山水环境为基础兴造的皇家园林,园林植物景观特色鲜明。前人研究山庄局部的植物景观及其设计手法,较少从山庄植物历史变迁中反向分析其建设过程和植物景观的整体营建方法。本文从历史文献及现状留存植物群落入手进行分析,发现避暑山庄的整体建设遵从合理控制人工建设的范围和规模,减少对自然区域植被地形的干扰;保护并利用原有的自然植被进行景区景点建设,充分发挥优势植物在整体环境中的景观作用;对地形、水系等造园要素的建设以保护原有自然植被为基础的方式。在现代园林生态建设中,可以学习避暑山庄植物景观的营建方法,遵循"最小干扰、最大化利用、最小投入"的原则,契合当前节约型园林建设的思路,崇尚自然、敬畏自然、善待自然的理念,是当前风景园林生态建设的借鉴典范。

Mountain Resort which is a natural Royal Garden based on the beautiful scenery of the natural landscape has distinctive landscape planting characteristics. Previous researches tend to focus on its partial plant landscape and design technique, lacking the analysis of the construction process and the overall plant landscape design reversely from the Mountain Resort plant transitions through history. The construction of Mountain Resort is controlled reasonably in scope and scale to reduce the disturbance to the natural terrain and vegetation on its original site. At the beginning of the construction, the Mountain Resort gives full play to the main function of plants in the shaping of scenery, protect and utilize the original natural vegetation for scenic spots, and the proper development and utilization of the elements, such as natural topography and water system are chosen to protect the basic conditions of the original natural vegetation. In the practices of modern landscape architecture, the methods of planting in Mountain Resort is worth referring to, that is to follow the principles of ＂minimum interference, maximize utilize and minimum investment＂, learn the concept of ＂Advocating nature, Reverence of nature, Treasure of nature＂, learn how to protect and utilize the natural ecological elements to serve our needs.