儿童重症监护病房急性重症肺炎常见病原菌分析

Analysis of common pathogens in children with acute severe pneumonia in pediatric intensive care unit

目的 分析遵义地区儿童重症肺炎的病原学特点,以期为本地区抗感染用药提供参考.方法 采集2014年1月至2015年12月在我院儿童重症监护病房住院的重症肺炎患儿痰、咽拭子、血清,通过病原菌培养、RT-PCR检测病毒、间接免疫荧光法检测非典型病原体等方法检测并鉴别重症肺炎病原体种类.结果 337例患儿中,病原检测阳性者292例（86.65%）,其中病毒感染最多见,占37.32%,其次为细菌感染占28.42%,肺炎支原体感染占6.50%,混合感染占27.74%;病毒感染以呼吸道合胞病毒B型最为常见,占28.44%,且具有明显的年龄分布差异,3岁以下婴幼儿最为常见,尤其1岁以内婴儿易感性最高（P〈0.05）,各年龄组均以呼吸道合胞病毒B型感染最常见;病毒感染有一定季节性,秋冬季（9月~次年2月）病毒检出率高,夏季检出率较低（χ2=29.28,P=0.001）;细菌感染以大肠埃希菌最为多见,占21.69%,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌感染以1岁以内婴儿多见,流感嗜血杆菌好发于1~3岁幼儿,肺炎链球菌感染在任何年龄段均可发病.结论 病毒感染是遵义地区儿童重症肺炎的最常见病原,多见于1岁以内幼儿,且秋冬季高发,细菌感染次之,3岁以上儿童重症肺炎以细菌感染多见,3岁以下尤其1岁以下小儿细菌和病毒混和感染明显.

Objective To provide reference for anti-infection drugs in Zunyi area by analyzing the etiological characteristics of children with severe pneumonia.Methods The sputum, throat swabs and serum of children with severe pneumonia in pediatric intensive care unit of our hospital from January 2014 to December 2015 were collected in this study.The pathogen species which caused severe pneumonia were detected and identified by the method of pathogen culture,and typical pathogens were detected by RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence.Results A total of 337 children with severe pneumonia were included,the pathogen positive rate was 86.65%（292/337）.The rate of viral infection（37.32%）was the highest,followed by bacterial infection accounting for 28.42%,then the mixed infection accounting for 27.74%,and the mycoplasma pneumoniae infection accounting for 6.50%.The respiratory syncytial virus type B accounting for 28.44% was the most common in viral infection,and there were significant differences in age distribution（P〈0.05）,the children under 3-years-old,especially the infants under 1-year-old had the highest susceptibility.Viral infection had certain seasonality,compared with spring and winter,autumn and winter（November to April） had higher viral detection rate and the difference was statistically significant（χ2=29.28,P=0.001）.The escherichia coli was the most common in bacterial infection,accounting for 21.69%.Klebsiella pneumoniae,Escherichia coli were more common in neonates and infants under 1-year-old,Haemophilus influenzae occured in 1~3 years old children,Streptococcus pneumoniae infection could occur in any age.Conclusion Viral infection is the most common pathogen in children with severe pneumonia in Zunyi area followed by bacterial infection,which is more common in children under 1-year-old,and with the high incidence in autumn and winter.Bacterial infection is more common in children over 3 years of age.Bacterial and viral mixed infection is common in children under 3 years of age,especially in children under 1-year-old.