佛教水陆壁画中的涉医图考

The Pictorial Research on Buddhist Water-and-Land Murals Related to Medicine

佛教水陆壁画中有较多的涉医图像,壁画中的医家有不同身份,如"十代名医"图像为元代医祀三皇制度中从祀的十大名医,而服饰中有眼睛标志及持串铃者显示为走方医的特殊身份;"五瘟使者"图像揭示了道教、佛教信仰与瘟疫的流行及四时温病理论之间的密切关系;"堕胎产亡"除反映冤死业报外,还展现了古代妇人产蓐过程、浴儿风俗以及妇人诊病禁忌,反映了古代医疗水平、接生条件;温疫流行、寒暑失节、难产堕胎、虫蛇咬伤、水溺火焚、误死针医,反映不同的致病因素。

There are plenty of medical-related paintings in Buddhist water-and-land murals. Physicians in the murals have different status. For instance, the image named ＂ten generations of famous doctors＂ demonstrates the top ten famous doctors who were regarded as subordinates beside the doctors worshiped three sovereigns in Yuan Dynasty, and the signs of eyes and strings of bells in costumes show the special status of wandering practitioners. The image named ＂ five gods of plague＂ reveals the belief in Taoism and Buddhism, epidemic of plague and close relations of epidemic febrile diseases in different seasons. The image named ＂induced abortion and death of production＂ not only reflects karma and someone persecuted to death, but also presents the ancient process of giving birth to a child, custom of bath babies and contraindication of diagnosis of women, illustrating the level of ancient medical treatment and midwifery condition. In conclusion, causes such as epidemic of plague, abnorrrml seasonal variation, dystocia, abortion, insects and snakes bites, drowning and firing and therapeutic error, reflect different pathogenic factors, which can be attributed to internal injury and trauma.