连字句的制图分析

A cartographic analysis of even-sentences in Mandarin

汉语焦点范畴可以位于时态投射(TP)的两侧。TP外侧的是由"是"引导的排除焦点,TP内侧的是由"连"引导的包含焦点。两者可以共现,并严格地按照"是……连"的词序。连字句可以关系化,而是字句不能关系化。"连"是功能范畴,与包含焦点不能构成"连字短语",也就不存在"连字短语"的移位;相应的,"连"及其引导的焦点就不能出现于跟话题相关的副词之前,也不能处于话题或排除焦点之前。包含焦点是TP中最低的语用成分,这使得宾语论元不像主语论元那样直接处于动词与包含焦点之间。遍指成分也可以成为包含焦点,但其所在短语不能受"连"的扩展。

Two sub-types of Focus Projection exist in Mandarin.The one above TP is extended by‘shi(是)’,and introduces an exclusive focus.The other one below TP is extended by‘lian(连)’,and introduces an inclusive focus.‘Shi’and‘lian’can co-occur in the order of‘shi…lian’rigidly.The even-sentence can be relativized,but the only-sentence cannot.‘Lian’can’t be merged with the inclusive focus to form a syntactic object,for it’s a functional category extending the Foc P.Therefore,there is no traditional lian-phrase.‘Lian’and the inclusive focus cannot precede the adverb relative to topics,a topic or an exclusive focus.The inclusive focus is the lowest pragmatic projection in TP,so the object argument cannot behave in the same way as a subject argument such as locating between the matrix verb and the inclusive focus.The universal element can also serve as an inclusive focus,but the phrase containing it cannot be extended by ‘lian’.