基于三维景观指数的城市景观美学特征定量表达——以深圳市为例

Preliminary theory of urban landscape esthetics based on three-dimensional landscape indicators

城市景观由自然元素与人工元素构成,以建筑为主体,辅以外部空间环境。对城市景观美学价值的研究有利于探讨如何提升城市形象及居民生活环境,为城市规划设计纳入了感性与理性结合的合理途径。景观美学特征以不同方式影响整体景观质量,合理运用景观指数对城市景观美学特征进行量化表达,是评估景观质量的重要前提。在整理借鉴景观美学相关研究的基础上,结合景观生态学理论基础,以城市空间内部审美者的角度将城市景观五大美学特征,包括自然性、开阔性、多样性、奇特性和协调性,转化为可定量表达的二维及三维景观指数。量化指标易使用数据进行快速评估,对于城市规划设计有着积极意义。

Urban landscapes are defined as the outdoor space of whole cities, which consist of natural and artificial elements. Building landscapes, including the vegetation around the construction, are the main subject of urban environment. Urban landscape esthetics have been studied to improve urban appearances and protect the living environment, and provide a quantitative approach for urban planning. Most of the existing research has focused on esthetics evaluations of the natural landscape, whereas urban landscapes were more difficult to quantitatively assess because of their complex compositions. It is important to explore how different esthetic features influence the visual quality of landscapes and to quantify the features by using landscape ecology indicators to evaluate the landscape quality. Considerable research has verified the relationships between quantitative landscape indices and esthetics. Based on the results of the esthetic assessment of landscapes, we summarized five urban landscape esthetics features （naturalness, openness, diversity, peculiarity and harmony） from the view in urban spaces, and combined the two and three-dimensional landscape indices concepts from landscape ecology to develop quantitative indicators of urban landscape esthetics features. We used landscape indices as references, and explained the definition and formula of each index clearly. Quantitative indices provide rapid ecological evaluations for effective urban planning and design.