美国原告资格演变及对公民诉讼的影响解析

Interpretation on the Evolution of Standing in America and Its Influence to Citizen Suit

美国原告资格经历了从以"权利侵害"为核心到以"事实损害"为核心的演变。从历史角度看,这种变化反映了现代社会变迁中立法、行政、司法三权在维护环境公益方面的角色转换,是环境问题的复杂性与司法能力的有限性使然。现行原告资格具有过滤案件、保持司法弹性、防止虚假诉讼、便于司法操作、维护权力分立等功能,但也不乏局限之处,我国不宜照搬。其反映的原告资格应适度控制、发挥多种功能的基本原理值得认真对待。当前我国环境公益诉讼关于原告的资格规定过于宽泛,功能单一,未来应补充完善。

The core rule of standing in America developed from Legal Wrong into Injury In Fact. From historical viewpoint, this change reflects the transformation of the role of legislation, administration and ju- dicial power in the maintenance of environmental public services in modern social changes, which is caused by the eomplexityof the environmental problems and the limitation ofjudicial capacity. Current standing has the functions of filtering cases, maintaining judicial flexibility, preventing false litigation, facilitating the op- eration of the judiciary and maintaining power separation, but there are some limitations. So standing should be appropriately controlled and the basic principles of playing a variety of functionsare worthy of seri- ous treatment. Current standing rule of environmental public interest litigation in China is too simple to play multiple functions and should be modified and improved in the future.