清代东北地区中俄边境察边制度述略

China-Russia Border-Patrolling System of the Northeast Region in Qing Dynasty

中俄《尼布楚条约》签订后,清政府立即勘界立碑,实行分区负责的巡边制度。黑龙江将军辖区分别由齐齐哈尔副都统、墨尔根副都统、黑龙江副都统及布特哈总管负责察边,吉林将军辖区分别由三姓副都统、宁古塔副都统和珲春协领负责察边,在地域上形成了西段陆地边界的察边制度、东段陆地边界的察边制度、东段沿海地区的察边制度,建立了严密的察边管理体制。对于在察边中发现的问题,一般都能达到及时解决。无论从形式上,还是在实质上都在北疆构筑了一道较为有效的边防屏障,可惜的是后来愈发流于形式了。

Since China-Russia aTreaty of Nerchinsk^ had been signed,Qing government made boundary settlement and monument and practiced the system that patrolling was assigned according to divisions of bor-der areas. The region governed by the General of Heilongjiang was patrolled by the Vice-general of Qiqihar, the Vice-general of Morgen,the Vice-general of Heilongjiang and Supervisor of Buteha. The region governed by the General of Jilin was patrolled by the Vice-general of three surnames, the vice-genral of Ningguta,and the Associate leader of Hunchun. Geographically,the border-patrolling system covered the west and east land borders and the east coastlines. Due to this efficient system, problems, being discovered in the process of pa-trolling, would be solved in time. This made an effective border shield theoretically and practically. It is a pity that this system declined in later practices.