精英与大众之间的张力及其弥合——基于协商系统理论的分析

Tension and Bridging between the Elites and the Public——An Analysis Based on Deliberation Systems Theory

在民主理论中,精英民主有助于解决民主决策的效率问题,但往往陷入对大众的回应性困境;参与式民主重提大众直接参与的价值,却无法适应现代社会的复杂性和专业化。立足于弥合精英和大众参与之间的张力,协商系统理论提供了协商民主新思路。协商系统理论以包容、依赖和分工为核心要义,不但包容了封闭的精英协商,形成了精英权威的技术统治模型,而且通过精英与大众相互依赖的互动机制,形成了精英权威的民主模型。在此基础上,协商系统通过"双轨制协商"以及"目标议题——手段"分工两条路径实现精英与大众的关联,弥合了两者之间的张力。

In democratic theory, elitist democracy contributes to the solution of the efficiency problems of democratic decision-making process, yet it tends to fall into the plight in response to the public demand. Participatory democracy brings up the value of direct participation of the public, yet it cannot adapt itself to the complexity and specialization of the modem society. Deliberative democracy tries to bridge the tension between elites and public participation, whose latest development-deliberative systems theory provides a new path of thinking. Deliberative systems theory takes tolerance, dependence and division of labor as the core essence, which not only includes the elites＇ closed deliberation in the systems to form ＂Technocratic Model＂ of elites＇ authority, but also includes the interactive mechanism of elites and the public to form ＂Democratic Model＂ of elites＇ authority. On this basis, the deliberative systems realize the association between the elites and the public through two paths to bridge the tension between the elites and the public： （1）＂ double-track＂ deliberation; and （2） the division of ＂target-issues and means ＂