论现代国家和宪法上的“人”——良心自由、“人的尊严”与现代宪法

On the Human in Modern State and Constitution——Conscience freedom,human dignity and modern constitution

"人的尊严"是现代宪法的最高价值,是对"现代人"形象的宪法肯认。由于它主要表现为一些外在的个人权利,因此现代人相应地也就主要表现为"政治人"和"经济人"。不过,从宪制发生学的角度来说,现代人的这两个外在的面相,是和他的第三个面相——内在的"道德人"形象——紧密关联的,后者甚至对前两者的产生和实现具有根本的意义。"人的尊严"起源于西欧宗教改革之后出现的"良心自由"以及随之而来的人的自由意志和道德主体性。现代国家分享着同样的现代性源泉和价值根基,无论特定的宪法选择如何具体表述。英美传统中最早出现了与"人的尊严"具有同构性的思想观念和制度实践,康德后来所提供的只是一种世俗版本的理论总结。通过对消极自由和限权的强调,英美政制为"人的尊严"的实现提供了最具操作性的范本。

Human dignity illustrates the highest value of modern constitution and confirms the image of mod- em people in constitution. It represents some rights of individuals exteriorly, so modern people can be general- ized respectively as ＂political men＂ and ＂economic men＂. But from the perspective of constitutional and insti- tutional genetics, besides both of the tags, modern people acquire the third one, inner image of ＂moM men＂ that closely connect or even decide the growth and truthfulness of the formers. Human dignity originated from the conscience freedom resulted from the Protestant Reformation and subsequently from free will and moral subjectivity. The modern states share the same sources of modernity as well as value basis whatever the specific Constitution expressed. Human dignity emerged as early as the Anglo-American traditions that initiated the i- dentical ideology and institutional practices, and later, Kant gave a secular version for its theoretical summary. Through emphasizing negative liberty and restricted power, the Anglo-American Constitutionalism has provided the most available mode for human dignity.