黄土塬区不同土层土壤水分对旱作冬小麦耗水的贡献

Contribution of soil water at various depths to water consumption of rainfed winter wheat in the Loess tableland,China

通过采集长武塬区旱作冬小麦拔节期和抽穗期土壤水、小麦茎秆水,测定其氢氧稳定同位素组成,分析不同深度土壤水分对冬小麦耗水的贡献.结果表明:与大气降水相比,黄土塬区小麦茎秆水和土壤水均富集氢氧稳定同位素;无土壤干层条件下,冬小麦拔节期和抽穗期0~30 cm土层土壤水对其耗水的贡献率仅为5.4%和2.6%,60~90 cm土层土壤水贡献率为73.4%和67.3%,是冬小麦的主要水源,120 cm以下土层贡献率为7.9%和13.5%;随着生育期的推进,90 cm以下土层贡献率持续增加.研究时段内土壤物理蒸发水分主要来自于30 cm以上土层,而小麦蒸腾则主要由60 cm以下土壤水分提供.生产实践中需要做好夏闲期的雨水蓄存与合理的氮磷配施,以增加小麦底墒、促进根系深扎,提高深层土壤水分的利用率.

Soil water and stem water were collected in jointing and heading stages of the rainfed winter wheat in the Changwu Loess tableland, and the stable isotopic compositions of hydrogen and oxygen in water samples were measured to analyze the contribution of soil water at various depths to water consumption of winter wheat. The results showed that the isotopes were enriched in soil and wheat stem water in comparison with that in precipitation. Under the condition of no dry layer in soil profile, the contributions to wheat water consumption in jointing and heading stages were 5.4% and 2.6% from soil water at 0-30 cm depth, 73.4% and 67.3% at 60-90 cm depth （the main water source for winter wheat） , and 7.9% and 13.5% below 120 cm depth, respectively. With the wheat growth, the contribution of soil water below the depth of 90 cm increased. It was concluded that soil evaporation mainly consumed soil water in 0-30 cm depth and wheat transpiration mainly consumed soil water below 60 cm depth in the experimental period. In the production practice, it is necessary to increase rainwater storage ratio during the summer fallow period, and apply reasonable combina- tion of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in order to increase soil moisture before wheat sowing, promote the wheat root developing deep downwards and raise the deep soil water utilization ratio.