民族旅游地居民分类及支持行为的比较研究

A Comparative Study on Classification of Residents in an Ethnic Destination and Their Support for Tourism

旅游地发展中居民态度及相应行为意愿已被认为是旅游产业要解决的关键问题。当前,民族旅游地居民的分类通常都是从对旅游业发展态度的角度来考虑,尚未出现依据个体对本族原文化及旅游者主流文化偏好来展开的研究。文章以心理学视域下的文化适应为理论基础,利用两个经典模型,通过对贵州黔东南处于旅游发展不同生命周期阶段的3个典型侗寨居民样本进行实证分析后得出:主客跨文化互动中利用SL-ASIA文化适应单线性模型可以把居民分为整合、同化、分离3种类型;利用Berry文化适应双线性模型可以把居民分为整合、同化、分离、边缘4种类型。在文化适应不同线性模型下存在理论间的竞争和互补,基于居民文化适应客观行为与认知状态的单线性SL-ASIA测量模型与基于居民文化适应理想状态的双线性Berry策略模型在分类人数、状态及旅游支持行为意愿上皆有差异,并且这种差异揭示了理想与现实的矛盾。总体来看,高文化适应的居民对待旅游者会更加热情,也更愿意为目的地进行推荐宣传。

The attitude and relevant behavior of community residents are the key factors in the process of sustainable tourism development in ethnic villages. Acculturation in psychological studies concerns the process of different cultural groups having psychological and behavioral changes due to the impact of cultural differences in their directly contact with different cultures, which reflects the coordination between the individual and the local culture and foreign cultures. This process will exert a huge influence on the individual, not only on physical and mental health, but also in interpersonal communication and other social and cultural issues. In the context of a rapidly developing tourism, ethnic areas face a large influx of tourists and the resulting shock of the Han culture, in which case the local residents will inevitably experience acculturation pressure in cross-cultural communication. The relevant literature review reveals that there lacks psychological research on ethnic group acculturation, and that acculturation in the context of tourism draws little attention by academia. Thus, this research has some practical and theoretical value. Based on acculturation theory, the thesis selects 526 residents who are all from three typical villages of the Dong minority in southeast Guizhou, with the villages at different stages of tourism development. This research mainly involves two aspects： First, using the indigenous peoples to identify aboriginal culture and mainstream culture to explore the types of acculturation in a tourism context. Second, based on two classification methods, we study the differences among types of residents in their support for ethnic tourism and investigate the conflicts between the ideal and real states of acculturation of local residents. Through the use of the existing body of literature research, field surveys, interviews and other methods, this thesis starts from the types of acculturation that occur and investigates the acculturation of local residents and their differences in intention of supporting the tourism industry. On the basis of empirical research, the countermeasures are discussed to promote positive acculturation and support for tourism. The results are drawn as follows： （1） Based on Berry＇ s model, the acculturation of local residents can be distinguished as four types： integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization. Based on the SL-ASIA Scale model, acculturation can be distinguished as three types： integration, assimilation, separation. （2） This paper compares the classification of residents based on Berry＇ s model of acculturation strategies with the classification of residents based on the SL-ASIA scale model, and discovers that the former classification is the ideal manifestation of residents＇ attitude, while the latter one reflects the real state of residents＇ behavior and cognition. The former has a higher level of acculturation as well, which proves once again that the level of acculturation has an effect on regional tourism development. （3） Residents of high acculturation hold more positive emotional attitudes toward tourists and a stronger intent on word of mouth marketing than residents of low acculturation.