航行自由与海洋资源开发的冲突与协调

Conflicts and Coordination between Freedom of Navigation and Exploitation of Marine Resources

沿海国主权扩张、沿海国管辖权扩张、国际海洋治理体系分权化从三个层面导致了航行自由与海洋资源开发的冲突。《联合国海洋法公约》试图通过海洋分区机制保障沿海国资源开发的权利与其他国家的海洋航行权,但是公约规定的权利边界的模糊性,权利优位性之争衍生的国家博弈,以及晚近新国际实践的出现,导致传统权利路径下的利益妥协无法从根本上解决海洋资源开发与航行自由之间的冲突。协调航行自由与海洋资源开发制度,需要通过构建权利约束机制协调沿海国主权扩张所引致的冲突,通过强化责任机制协调沿海国管辖权扩张所引致的冲突,并通过拓展国际组织的联系协调国际海洋治理体系的分权化。

Three factors—expansion of costal state sovereignty,expansion of coastal state jurisdiction,and decentralization of maritime governance regime—have caused the conflicts between freedom of navigation and exploitation of marine resources.To coordinate such conflicts,the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)divides the ocean into several maritime zones,grants coastal states the sovereign rights to exploit resources in certain zones,and at the same time,grants the other states the freedom of navigation in all maritime zones.However,due to the ambiguity of rights,disputes arising from right priority,and new developments in practice,UNCLOS cannot truly solve the conflicts.An alternative approach,which highlights right restriction,judicial liability and maritime organizations’coordination,may help to coordinate the conflicts between freedom of navigation and exploitation of marine resources.