旧石器时代早期石器技术与人类认知能力关系研究的回顾与探讨

REVIEW AND DISCUSSION ON THE STONE TECHNOLOGY AND COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR OF EARLY HOMINIDS IN THE EARLY STONE AGE

早期人类石器类型与技术可以反映出人类的认知能力。旧石器时代早期存在两种工业（奥杜威工业和阿舍利工业），文章通过对Bordes类型学方法、Isaac古生态学分析方法和Leroi-Gourhan基于操作链的技术分析方法等3种早期技术分析体系的概括，指出不同的分析体系虽对旧石器时代早期人类技术的分析做出了重要贡献，但对探索人类演化机制与规律的贡献相对有限。本文重点从认知考古学的视角来审视人类演化规律，分析旧石器时代认知考古学揭示人类智力发展的可行性。在回顾了近年来应用在旧石器时代考古学早期研究领域4种对人类认知演化有益的认知考古学分析视角和理论，即灵长类分析视角、Piaget心理学视角、脑神经研究视角和等级分析系统等视角后，对认知考古学在旧石器时代早期应用研究的局限性以及未来的发展方向进行了讨论。

It is general accepted that stone artifact category and lithic technique can reveal the cognitive ability of early hominids. This paper give a general introduction on the two important stone tool technology include Oldowan and Acheulean of Early Stone Age（Lower Paleolithic）. On the basis of summarizing on the three different typological systems proposed by Bordes（typology）, Isaac（paleoecology） and Leroi-Gourhan（Chane Opératoire）, the authors indicate that this classification approaches give great significance on the study of lithic technology. However, few information can be obtained about exploring the evolution disciplinary of early hominids. It should be noted that this paper focus on the scope of cognitive archaeology for exploring the law of human evolution. But the cognitive archaeology can be a good approach to explore the human evolution in a cognitive way. Since we know that human＇s cranial capacity is increasing along with the stone tool technology, ancient human used in getting more and more complex, there should be some coupling relation between the stone tools and the cognitive competence. As a result, it is possible to study cognitive archaeology on stone tools. After examining the feasibility basis of Paleolithic cognitive archaeology, four popular cognitive analyzing theories include primate analyzing scope, Piaget＇s psychology analyzing approach, brain nerve research perspective, and hierarchical complexity in the Early Stone Age are summarized by the authors. Those four analysis perspective can make contributions to the study of human evolution. Furthermore, a discussion on the limitation and future perspectives on the cognitive archaeology in the Early Stone Age are also carried out by the authors in the current paper. Trigger summarized that there are three levels of theories in archaeology, the cognitive archaeology is high level theory, so some theories about cognitive archaeology is difficult to make every scholar to agree on it, and come can be difficult to be tested with archaeological materials. But the cognitive archaeology can provide much information that can help us understand the human evolution. In the future, there is a lot of work to do with cognitive archaeology, especially for the Paleolithic archaeology in eastern Asia.