基于国产高分辨率影像的图们江口中、朝、俄三国湿地景观格局对比分析

Comparative analysis of wetland landscape pattern in Tumen River Estuary of China,DPR Korea and Russia based on Chinese high resolution images

图们江是我国重要的国际性河流之一,受中国、朝鲜、俄罗斯三国政策、经济、文化等因素影响,三国的湿地景观截然不同。本文以我国国产高分辨率卫星GF-1和GF-2影像为数据源,通过对图们江口湿地的实地踏勘,建立了图们江口湿地遥感分类体系,包括湖泊、河流、沼泽、滩涂、坑塘、水田和水库共7类。采用目视解译方法,提取了图们江口湿地信息,对图们江口湿地现状和中、朝、俄湿地差异进行了分析。利用Fragstats景观分析软件,选取了斑块数(NP)、最大斑块指数(LPI)、斑块平均面积(MPS)、加权平均形状指数(SHAPE)、加权平均分形维数(FRAC)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)和香农均匀性指数(SHEI)等几个景观格局指数分析了图们江口湿地景观格局特征。结果表明:(1)研究区湿地总面积为39 503.38hm^2,以沼泽和湖泊为主,呈现近日本海聚集分布格局。(2)俄罗斯湿地面积占各国研究区湿地总面积比例最大,朝鲜次之,中国最小;朝鲜湿地开发程度最高,湿地破坏较严重。(3)朝鲜湿地破碎程度在三国中最重,中国次之;朝鲜因水田开发较严重,景观规则度最高;中国湿地多样性较其他两国丰富。

Tumen River is one of the most important international rivers in China. Because of the differences in the policy, economy and culture, there are many differences in the wetland landscape among Chinese, Russian and DPR Korean wetlands in Tumen River Estuary. Taking GF-1 and GF-2 images as the data sources and according to the wetland classification of national standard, the classification system of wetlands in Tumen River Estuary was set up, which included lake, river, marsh, tidal flat, pit, paddy field and reservoir. The Tumen River Estuary wetland information was extracted by visual interpretation, and then the status and differences among Chinese, Russian and DPR Korean wetlands were analyzed. By the means of Fragstats software, the landscape pattern indexes, such as NP, LPI, MPS, SHAPE, FRAC, SHDI and SHEI were used to analyze the characteristics of wetland landscape pattern in Tumen River Estuary. The results show： （1）The total area of wetlands in the study area is 39 503.38 hm~ , which is dominated by marsh and lake, and is presented as an aggregate distribution pattern close to the Japan Sea. （2）The wetland area of Russia is the largest, followed by those of DPR Korea and China. The disturbance is serious in that of DPR Korea. （3）The landscape fragmentation of wetland in DPR Korea is most serious, followed by those of China and Russia. Because of the serious development of paddy field, the landscape regulation degree is highest in DPR Korean wetland. The diversity of Chinese wetland is more abundant than those of other countries.