马克思价值理论的一个新发现——《资本论》第一卷第二版与第一版的比较研究

A New Discovery of Marx's Value Theory:A Comparative Study of the Second and First Editions of the Volume Ⅰ of Das Kapital

通过对《资本论》第一卷第二版与第一版的比较研究,首次发现了第二版中马克思提出的具有重大创新意义的价值概念,即以同一劳动为本质特征的价值概念。文章提出转化问题,即如何使实际物化在商品中的非同一劳动转化为马克思所说的构成价值的同一劳动。首次将价格机制引入劳动价值理论,并以此回答了转化问题:是一物一价规律把实际物化在商品中的非同一劳动转化成了同一劳动。在此基础上,对马克思的市场价值理论和生产价格理论进行了重新梳理和修正。特别是,借助于马克思提出的同一劳动价值概念,重新界定了生产价格的价值含义,认为各个有机构成不同的资本是依靠自身创造的剩余价值实现平均利润的,这样长期以来为人们所争论的转形问题将不复存在,《资本论》第一卷和第三卷之间对支配商品交换规律的矛盾解释也就得到消解。

Through the comparative study of the Second and First Editions of the Volume I of Das Kapital,an innovative value concept of Marx＇s proposition in the second edition,that is,the value concept with the same labor as the essential characteristic was discovered for the first time. Then the transformation question was put forward in this article, that is, how to make the actual materialization in the commodity of non-identical labor into the same labor which is composed of values. The question was answered hy the law of one price when price mechanism was introduced into the labor value theory for the first time. On this ba- sis, Marx＇s market value theory and production price theory were re-sorted and amended. In particular, by means of the same labor value concept proposed by Marx, it redefines the value meaning of production price, and thinks that each organic capital is different from the surplus value created by itself. In this way, the transformation question controverted for a long time will no longer exist, and the contradictory inter- pretation of the law governing the exchange of goods between the first and third volumes of Das Kapital will also be resolved.