中国流域水质管理:生态补偿还是污染赔偿?——基于美国跨界流域水质管理的教训

China's Water Quality Management in River Basin:Eco-compensation or Pollution Liability? Based on Lessons Learnt from US Transboundary Water Quality Management

针对我国的流域水质管理问题,上下游有明显的不同利益诉求,究竟应当是生态补偿还是污染赔偿并无定论。本文从制度经济学的角度,对目前的流域水质管理进行了梳理,分析了美国流域水质管理的教训及对我国流域水质管理的启示,明确提出了我国流域水质管理生态补偿与污染赔偿的界限。究竟是上游该得到生态补偿,还是下游该得到污染赔偿,这完全取决于该流域的规划以及规划的实施情况。上游政府水质规划实施得好,应得到下游政府的生态补偿;上游政府水质规划实施得差,下游政府该得到污染赔偿。

Considering of water quality management in river basin in China, there is an obvious different request be-tween upstream and downstream. A government at upstream requests eco-compensation fee from a government at downstream; oppositely, a government at downstream requests pollution liability from a government at upstream. This paper, based on Institutional Economics analysis and lessons learnt from US transboundary water quality manage-ment, analyzes key issues of water quality management in river basin and provides criteria to judge eco-compensation fee or pollution liability. It depends on ambient water quality planning of river basin and the planning implementation. It concludes that： A government at upstream should have eco-compensation fee from a government at downstream when implements the ambient water planning better than it should be; On the contrary, paying pollution liability fee to a government at downstream when implements the ambient water quality planning worse than it should be.