黑格尔:一个“不情愿”的现代主义者

Hegel:A “Reluctant” Modernist

黑格尔常常被看作一个理性绝对主义者和思辨哲学家、一个反自由主义的保守思想家。实际上,黑格尔哲学具有鲜明的时代感和批判意识。他明确把人类和个人自由的全面发展视为现代性的理念,并指出其实现的艰巨性和有限性。表面上,黑格尔宣扬思辨神学创世论、历史终结论和国家至上论,其实他是以思辨哲学的语言阐述历史发展到现代阶段,人类理性思考和自由生活的经验和可能性条件。在黑格尔看来,现代世界中主观与客观、普遍与特殊、超越与现实之间的张力具有难以消除的韧性,哲学的意义在于使人意识到现代性的矛盾性质,并以现实的合理方式加以调节。在这个意义上,黑格尔是一个反思的、自我节制的现代主义者。我们生活在一个后乌托邦时代,现代性矛盾和复杂性已经充分暴露,任何简单化和绝对化的意识形态都会堵塞现代性的自我更新和改善,黑格尔哲学在这个方面给我们提供了重要的启示。

Hegel was usually regarded as a rational absolutist, dialectical philosopher, and an anti-liberalism conser vative thinker. Actually, Hegel＇s philosophy displayed a keen sense of times and critical consciousness. Hegel regarded human and all-round development of individual freedoms as the idea of modernity, and pointed out the arduousness and limitation of its realization. It seemed that Hegel publicized dialectical theology creationism, theory of the end of history, and theory of nation priority. However, he expounded experiences and possibilities of historical development, human rational thinking and free life in his dialectical philosophy language. Hegel held that tensions between subjectivity and objectivity, the general and the specific, and transcendence and reality are hard to be eradicated, and the significance of philosophy was that philosophy can make man realize the contradictions of modernity and regulate them in a reasonable way. In this sense, Hegel was a reflective, self-restraint modernist. In the Post-Utopian era, the contradictions and problems of modernity are fully exposed, and the simplified and absolute ideology will obstruct self-renewal and improvement of modernity. Accordingly, Hegel＇ s philosophy provides us with important inspirations.