论清末视学

The Thinking of Educational Inspection of the Late Qing Dynasty

清末视学问题,就视学活动而言,主要包括三级视学、要员视学及海外视学等。三级视学即部视学、省视学、县视学;要员视学包括外国使臣、学务大臣、地方督抚及其他官员;海外视学集中在东南亚爪哇地区,汪凤翔是主要代表。视学章程与管理包括章程本身、视学员的选任及其它内容。视学章程,分由学部、各省制订;视学员的选任,一是差委,二是公举;章程之外,视学管理在具体实施中渐趋细化、明晰,这体现在资格、回避、考核、兼差、任期、奖叙、培训、严惩冒充等。清末视学在地方引发讼案累累,以四川为最,次乃江苏。以身份划分,包括学界、绅界、政界及不明身份者;讼案频仍的原因,一是由于民风健讼,二是视学员触动了地方利益引发不满,三是视学员自身存在问题。视学作为清末教育新政中的一大举措,短短数载,发展迅速,影响巨大,其中的经验教训,在今天看来仍有借鉴意义。

As far as the educational inspection of the late Qing Dynasty was concerned,it mainlyincluded：educational in-spection from central party to local party （ three - level） , educational inspection of senior officials and overseas inspection. Three - level educational inspection consisted of ministerial level, provincial level and county level. Educational inspection of senior officials comprised foreign envoys, ministers of education, local governors and other officials. Overseas educational in- spectionwas concentrated in Java of Southeast Asia,and Wang Feng -xiang was the chief representative. Regulations and man-agement of educational inspection included the regulation proper,the selection of inspectors and other affairs. Regulations of ed-ucational inspection were formulated by educational ministries and provinces. The choose and appoint of inspectors was dis-patched or public election. Beyond the regulations, the management of educational inspection was becoming more and more de-tailed and clear in concrete implementation. Itwas reflected in qualifications, avoidance, assessment, pluralism, tenure, reward, training,and disciplinary actions,etc. Educational inspection of the late Qing Dynasty caused many lawsuits in local areas,of which Sichuan province took up of the most part,and followed by Jiangsu;if divided by identity,it included academics,gentle-men, politicians, and unidentified persons. As to the reasons of repeated lawsuits,one was that the people were litigious,second was that the inspectors touched the local interests, third was due to the problems of inspectors themselves. Educational inspec-tion ,as a great measure in the new educational policies of the late Qing Dynasty, developed rapidly in a few years, and also sig-nificant impact took place, so that we can take example by their experiences and morals today.