基于溢油风险的海岸带生态环境敏感性评价研究——以辽东湾为例

Sensitivity Assessment on the Ecological Environment in Coastal Zones Based on Oil Spill Risk: Taking the Liaodong Gulf as an Example

随着经济的发展和社会的进步,人类对石油的需求激增,石油运输业和开采业规模不断扩大,航运活动日趋频繁,油泄漏事故时有发生,对海岸带生态系统造成难以估量的影响。因此,针对溢油风险,辨识和评价海岸带生态环境敏感性,了解溢油敏感因素空间分布状况,为海上溢油应急反应决策提供科学依据,对保护敏感环境资源、维护生态环境健康具有重要意义。研究立足于海域资源的生态视角与社会经济视角从海岸资源、生物资源及人类利用资源,探讨建立溢油敏感性评价指标体系与环境敏感指数的核算方法,并以辽东湾进行实证分析,揭示辽东湾海岸带生态环境敏感性空间分布规律,为溢油应急反应提供科学依据,进而保护敏感环境资源。结果表明,辽东湾溢油敏感程度在空间分布上呈现明显差异化,敏感性指数在0.06~1.58之间,运用Arc GIS将其划分为高、中、低3个等级。其中,盘山县、绥中县、凌海市、兴城市和瓦房店市敏感性指数在0.98~1.58之间,呈现较高水平,但敏感性来源不尽相同,因此,各县(市、区)溢油应急响应上应有所侧重。

With the boosting of socio-economic development, the demand for oil is rapidly increasing, the scale of oil transport and mining industry is constantly expanding, and the shipping activities are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, oil spills occur from time to time, which has resulted in serious impact on and huge loss of coastal ecosystems. Aiming to resolve the oil spill risk, it is needed to identify and evaluate the ecological environment sensitivity of the coastal zone, as well as understand the spatial distribution of oil spill sensitive factors, so as to provide scientific basis for decision-making for offshore oil spill emergency response. It is of great significance to protect the sensitive environment and maintain the ecological environment health. Based on the ecological perspective and the social economy of marine resources, and from the aspects of coastal, biological and human resources, this research explores to establish the index system and method of oil spill sensitivity evaluation. Meantime, this paper selects the Liaodong Gulf to make empirical analysis and reveals the spatial distribution of ecological environment sensitivity of the Liaodong Gulf, which can provide scientific basis for oil spill emergency response, thereby protecting sensitive environmental resources. The results show that the oil spill sensitive degree in spatial distribution shows significant differences, with the sensitivity index between 0.06 and1.58, which can be divided into high, medium and low grades using Arc GIS. Among them, Panshan County,Suizhong County, Linghai City, Xingcheng City and Wafangdian City show a high level of sensitivity. Their sensitivity indices are between 0.98 and 1.58, but the sources of sensitivity are not the same. Therefore, the level of county（city, district） should be focused on in oil spill emergency response.