论乘人之危与显失公平在我国民法总则中的立法取舍与制度构建

On the legislative choice and system construction of unconscionability and position of vulnerability in the general rules of Chinese civil code

我国民法上的乘人之危与显失公平在构成要件上存在重叠,民法总则应当将两者予以整合,重新回归传统民法上的暴利行为,整合后的暴利行为称之为显失公平更加符合我国民事立法的一贯传统。同时,应当顺应大陆法系国家关于暴利行为认定的发展趋势,采双重要件说认定显失公平。在某些特殊情形中,就个案中显失公平主观要件的存在可通过客观要件予以推定,即在某些特殊案件中弱化主观要件,以更加灵活地实现合同中的客观公平。整合之后的显失公平应作为意思表示瑕疵之类型而不应作为违背公序良俗之一种形态。乘人之危在我国民法上仅有的适用空间,可由胁迫所涵盖。

The position of vulnerability and unconscionability in Chinese civil law exists overlapping in the constitutive requirements. The general principles of civil law should be both integration and returning the profiteering of the traditional civil law. It is more consistent with our country＇s civil legislation that the profiteering after integration is called the unconscionability. Meanwhile, we should draw lessons from the development trend of the profiteering in continental law countries and adopt double elements about the cognizance of profiteering;at the same time we can presume the existence of subjective elements through the objective elements in some special cases to achieve the objective fairness more flexibly in the contract. The profiteering after consolidation should be as the type of the defect of the meaning expression, not be regarded as one of the public order and good customs. The only space of taking advantage of the other par- ty＇s unfavorable position in Chinese civil law may be covered by coercion.