库恩“范式”思想的实质及革命性——从库恩对波普尔派的反驳理解“范式”思想

The Essence and Revolutionary Character of Kuhn's Paradigm——Understanding the Idea of Paradigm from Kuhn's Argument with Popperian

通过对波普尔科学观的四种表达方式的分析和批判,库恩论述了他的科学观与波普尔的不同:波普尔是在臆想地寻找和主观地建构"发现的逻辑";而库恩认为,在对科学观的描述和解释中,真正需要做和能做的是心理学和社会学方面的价值选择工作,在这样的工作中,"范式"思想比一般化的逻辑规则更为真实有效,更具开放性和解释力。《科学革命的结构》中"范式"思想真正要表达的是:一方面,反对人们过去对科学理论所持有的观点——科学理论是自洽的和完备的,并且主要是借助符合逻辑规则的特征而得以确立,库恩认为它是一种臆想的、意识形态的表达方式,以这种表达方式来表征科学的特征是虚假的;另一方面,库恩为了把自己的思想与传统理论表达方式区别开来,用"范式"而不是理论来表达其思想,论述了"范式"相对于逻辑规则的"优先性",以显示"范式"思维与过去公认的逻辑思维方式的根本不同及其有效性和革命性。在西方,"范式"思想不仅得到越来越多的人的认可,也获得了越来越多的运用空间。

Through analyzing and criticizing the four modes of expression of Popper's scientific view, Kuhn discusses the difference between his scientific view and Popper's. Popper is subjectively seeking and constructing the 'logic of discovery'. However,Kuhn thinks that, in the description and interpretation of science, what's really needed to do and able to do is value choice on psychology and sociology. Doing this, the idea of paradigm is more real and effective than general rules of logic, and is much more open-ended and explanatory power. In Structure what the idea of paradigm really expresses is, in the one hand, against the opinion in the past on science theory: scientific theory is self consistent and complete and is mainly established by means of the characteristics of the logical rules. Kuhn thinks it as a kind of expression of an imaginary ideology. To represent the characteristics of the science in above way is false. In the other hand, to distinct his own idea from the expression way of traditional theory,Kuhn uses paradigm rather than theory to express paradigm's precedence over logical rules, which shows the fundamental difference between paradigm thought and logical thought, popular in the past, and the essence and revolutionary character of paradigm. In the west, the idea of paradigm not only is accepted by more and more people, but also gains more and more room for use.