贸易自由化、南北异质性与战略性环境政策

Trade Liberalization,North-South Heterogeneity and the Strategic Environmental Policy

本文在一个南北两国出口竞争双寡头模型中,研究贸易自由化对出口国环境政策的战略选择、环境质量及国家福利的影响。研究发现:(1)贸易自由化效应在不同贸易壁垒下不具有一般性,削减出口补贴将促使出口国排放标准趋于宽松、国家福利恶化,而关税削减则使环境标准趋于严格并改善国家福利。(2)出口补贴下降改善了出口国环境质量,而南北异质性可能改变了关税壁垒削减的正环境效应而使之不确定。给定南北国家存在环境异质性,削减出口补贴以改善环境的效率可能强于削减关税壁垒。消除南北环境技术及环境损害差距有助于确保贸易自由化进程中关税削减以环境友好方式运行。

This paper investigate the effect of trade liberalization on the strategic choice of environ- mental policy, the environmental quality and the state welfare in a North-South bilateral export competitive- ness duopoly model. We consider the dynamic processes of trade liberalization with gradual decline of both tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers and assume that export-competing countries are asymmetric on the mar- ginal damage and environmental technology. We find that ： （ 1 ） the effect of trade liberalization is not same with different types of trade barriers. The declines of the tariff barriers strengthen the environment standard, expand the production and enhance the welfare of the export-country, whereas subsidies bring environmen- tal dumping,reduce production and lower the welfare of the export-country. （2） The declines of the export subsidies in trade liberalization ultimately improve the environment, while the north and south heterogeneity on marginal environmental damage and environmental technology heterogeneity reverse the positive environ- mental effects of trade liberalization and make it uncertain. The free trade mechanism is beneficial for both the North and South countries. It eliminates the gap of environmental technologies between the North and the South, which contributes to securing the trade liberalization and to offering an environmentally friendly free trade area. Given that the trade liberalization is not complete, we should have greater degree of tolerance for non-tariff barriers than tariff barriers. Given that environmental heterogeneity exist in North and South coun- tries, it is more effective to cut export subsidies to improve the environment than to cut tariff barriers.