论《法律适用法》中无条件选择性冲突规范的适用

A Study on Application of Unconditional Choice Rules for Regulating the Conflict of Laws in the Law of the Application of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relations of the People's Republic of China

我国《法律适用法》中共有9条无条件选择性冲突规范,根据法官选择方式的不同,可以分为法官被动选择的冲突规范和法官主动选择的冲突规范。前者的功能在于维护和促进某种法律关系的成立;后者的功能在于确保法律选择的灵活性以实现个案公正。我国法院对此类冲突规范的适用存在着说理不清、选择连结点的依据不明等问题。在司法实践中,对于法官被动选择的冲突规范,法官可以逐一、直接适用连结点指向的实体法对争议问题的有效性进行判断,只要有一个连结点指向的实体法认可其有效性,就应认定为有效;对于法官主动选择的冲突规范,法官应当考量个案中的实体正义和公共政策来选择应当适用的连结点,并在判决书中对选择连结点的理由做出说明,不能完全无条件地自由裁量;对于主客观连结点并列的冲突规范,法官应当根据该规则的立法目的,按照司法任务简单化的要求,优先根据客观连结点选择准据法。

There are nine unconditional choice rules for regulating the conflict of laws set in the Law of the Application of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relations of the PRC. According to the different ways of selecting the connect factor by judges,these articles can be divided into two groups： the passive choice pattern conflict rules and the active choice pattern conflict rules. The function of the former is to maintain or promote the validity of a certain legal relationship. The function of the later is to ensure the flexibility of the conflict rules and pursue the justice in choice-of-law process. Main problems in application of this type of conflict rules in Chinese court are vague reasoning process and deficiency of the explanation for selecting connect factors in judgments. In practice,with regard to the passive choice pattern conflict rules,judge should determine the validity of legal relationship by taking all connect factors listed in conflict rule,instead of single one,into their consideration. And the relationship would be valid,if it satisfies the requirements under applicable law which may be connected by any factor in conflict rule. With regard to the active choice pattern conflict rules,judge should select the connect factor depending on justice and policy in case,while the reasons for selection should be revealed in judgment. If an active choice pattern conflict rules consists of an objective connect factor and a subjective connect factor,the objective connect factor should be a preferred option,considering the legislative purpose of the conflict rule and the tendency of simplification of the judicial task.