西欧电力发展回顾与展望

Electricity in Europe:A Historical Perspective

20年前,欧洲位于能源和电力行业的前沿。在20世纪90年代,电力充足,价格合理,欧洲成为大型工业企业的所在地,这些企业通常都是各行业的领导者和世界级的电力企业。然而今天的欧洲正在失去这一优势。与其他主要竞争国家相比,欧洲现在的电力成本更高,工业组织规模正在缩小,其电力企业也正面临困难。为何会产生这样的反转?自20世纪90年代起,建立欧洲电力市场时的"自下而上"的方法被"自上而下"的逻辑所取代。一个单一模式被应用于所有国家,欧盟委员会利用竞争与环境的手段来解决电力议题。过去20年来,在抽象及缺乏系统化的观念指导下,欧洲在碳排放、竞争力以及工业发展方面取得的成效非常令人失望。通过回顾西欧电力史,不仅能够了解这种变迁,并且能够为未来提供经验反馈。

Europe was at the forefront of energy and electricity 20 years ago. In the 1 990 s electricity was abundant and affordable, and Europe was home to large industrial firms that were leaders in their sector and world-class power utilities. Today, Europe is losing ground. Europe now pays more for electricity than the main countries it competes with, its industrial fabric is shrinking, and its power companies are experiencing difficulties. Wily this reversal would happen？ Since 1 990 s, the bottom-up approach to building the European power system was replaced by a top-down logic. A single model was applied to all countries. Electricity issues were addressed using competition and environment to the Commission. The abstract and not very ＂systemic＂vision adopted over the past two decades or so has yielded very disappointing results in terms of carbon emissions, competitiveness and industrial development. Taking a look back at history will not only help understand changings, but also gives some guidance for the future.