宋代乡村居民的职业流动——以笔记小说为视角的考察

Occupational Mobility of Rural Residents in Song Dynasty from the Perspective of Literary Sketches

职业流动是社会流动的形式之一,即社会成员在不同职业之间的转换。宋代笔记小说中有大量对下层民众生活的描述,可补正史之不足。在笔记小说记载中,宋代乡村居民的职业流向有:向工商业领域进军、受雇于各领域内的雇工、应募参军、出家为僧道,或是农闲时节兼职小商、小贩,出现身兼数职的现象。土地所有权流转加速、人身依附关系的松弛及商品经济的发展,共同构成促使宋代乡村居民职业流动的前提条件。虽然在宋代,乡村居民通过职业转换摆脱贫困状况只是少数,但与魏晋、隋唐相比,笔记小说中所描述的宋代乡村居民职业流向的多元化趋势,从一个侧面反映出,在历经唐宋变革后,两宋社会的自由和开放性发展倾向。

Occupational mobility is one of the forms of social mobility, which is the conversion or social members between different occupations. There are a lot of descriptions of the life of the lower people in the Song Dynasty literary sketches. It can make up for lacking official history. In terms of the literary sketches in Song Dynasty, various occupations of rural residents include businessmen, employ- ees, soldiers, monks, street traders and the like. The fact of the accelerated land ownership, the relax- ation of personal attachment and the development of commodity economy together constitutes the pre- requisite for promoting the occupational mobility of rural residents in Song Dynasty. Although in the Song Dynasty, only a few rural residents through occupation conversion to get rid of poverty, the trend of occupation of rural residents in the Song literary sketches, compared with the Wei-Jin and Sui-Tang Dynasties, was being diversified. After the Tang and Song Dynasty＇ s reform, this reflects, from one side, the free and open development tendency of Song society.