西法东渐之殊途:胶澳与威海卫租借地法制实践样本考察

A Special Way of the“Practice of Western law in China”:Research on the Colonial Experience of Jiao'ao and Weihaiwei

租借地是西方人在近代中国领土上以其法制模式实施统治的场域。胶澳和威海卫都位于山东半岛,因地理优势,先后通过1897年《中德胶澳租借条约》、1898年《中英订租威海卫条约》沦为德国(大陆法系的代表)和英国(英美法系的代表)的殖民地。德国人和英国人都依各自的殖民利益目标建立起有别于这两个地区原有制度的殖民法律体系。两个地区的中国人初尝"民主参政议政"、目睹"西方法"对公共管理模式的全新塑造、亲历"西洋式"司法制度的运行,随之而来是他们诉讼习惯的改变以及对"西法理念"潜移默化地接受。屈辱于殖民统治的中国人颇有认同感地接受"被强加的"、"西方法"的事实是有深层原因的,这种以亲身感受获取的对"西方法"的全新认知和自主选择在不自觉中涵化为中国人法律意识的一种新的内在构成,并最终导致全新的法律观念的出现。这是一条考量殖民地法制的"殖民性"与"现代性"之外"被忽略"却又值得关注的"西法东渐"的路径。

In modern China,the leased territories are the fields where westerners rule with their legal system in Chinese territory. Jiao＇ao and Weihaiwei are leased territories in the east of the Shandong Peninsula.In 1891,Jiao＇ao was colonized by the German through the Treaty of Leasing Jiao＇ao,which was a civil-law state,while the British,which representing the common-law system,pressured the Chinese government into leasing Weihaiwei in 1898. In the two leased territories,the British and the Germans established new legal systems based on their colonial and regional benefits. In these two colonies,the Chinese experienced ＂democratic politics＂and the operation of ＂western judicial system＂,they also experienced the reshaping of public management by the ＂western law＂. Here came the changes in litigation habits and the acceptance of＂Western legal concept＂with imperceptible influence. Under the colonial rule,there are deep reasons for the Chinese people to accept the ＂imposed＂. This kind of new cognition and independent choice of the ＂western law＂became unconsciously a new internal constituent of the Chinese people＇s legal consciousness,and eventually led to the emergence of a new legal concept of the Chinese. Apart from ＂colony＂and ＂modernity＂,this is also a＂forgotten＂but worth considering path of the＂practice of western law to China＂.