高强度间歇训练的应用及其适应机制

Application of High-Intensity Interval Training and Its Adaption Mechanism

通过梳理高强度间歇训练(HIT)起源与发展,并整合近几十年来HIT在普通人群和高水平运动员中的应用情况,以期进一步阐明HIT后运动表现提高的生理学适应机制,这对于优化当前HIT在普通人群和高水平运动员中的训练具有重要意义。研究发现,相比于低强度的持续性训练,HIT更能提高普通人群的糖酵解酶和氧化酶活性、最大功率和最大摄氧量,能够利用更多的脂类和更少的肝糖,更能增加线粒体脂肪酸氧化的速率,有效延长达到疲劳时间。对于高水平运动员而言,HIT可以显著提高糖的氧化供能效率、脂肪氧化率及骨骼肌缓冲能力,这对于运动成绩的改善具有重要作用。HIT对高水平运动员血浆容量、射血量、血红蛋白和肌纤维类型特征的影响需进一步研究。对不同HIT方案产生的不同生化和生理适应,以及对引发高水平运动员运动表现提高的最佳HIT方案,亦有待进一步研究。

This paper analyzes the origins and development of high-intensity interval training （HIT） and integrates the application of HIT in the general population and elite athletes in recent decades, in order to further elucidate the physiological adaptation mechanism of HIT, which is of great signif- icance to optimize the training of HIT in the general population and elite athletes. The result shows that compared to low-intensity continuous training, HIT can cause the glycolytic enzymes and oxi- dase activity, the maximum power and maximum oxygen uptake of general population significantly improved, can use more lipids and more Less glycogen, more can increase the rate of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, effectively extend the time to fatigue. For the elite athletes, HIT can significant- ly improve the sugar oxidation energy supply efficiency, fat oxidation rate and skeletal muscle buff- ering capacity, which is important for improving sport performance of athletes. The effect of HIT on plasma volume, ejection volume, hemoglobin and muscle fiber type characteristics in elite athletes need further study. Different biochemical and physiological responses to different HIT protocols, as well as the best HIT program for improving athletic performance in elite athletes are still need to be further explored.