镜像神经元、同感与共享的多重交互主体性——加莱塞的现象学神经科学思想及其意义

Mirror Neurons, Empathy and Shared Manifold of Intersubjectivity——Gallese's Phenomenologize Neuroscience and Its Implications

将个体独特的"在世之在"转译成他们大脑-身体系统的独特运作方式是未来科学研究的一大系统工程与核心目标。为此,意大利神经生理学家维多利奥·加莱塞及其带领的团队开展了一系列"现象学神经科学"的工作。这些工作借助现象学与神经科学的联姻,系统考察了镜像神经元的功能与同感的神经基础,并将之与胡塞尔、斯坦茵及梅洛-庞蒂等的现象学思想交互阐发。按照现象学神经科学的解读,当我们观察到其他活的个体之时,面对的是他们的一整套表达能力。我们与他人之间是一种"共享的多重交互主体性"。观察到的社会刺激的感觉描述等价于观察者所产生的与动作、情绪和情感有关的身体状态的内部表征,就好像他们自己做了相似的动作或体验了相似的情绪和情感。这为现象学与神经科学对于同感的讨论产生了丰富的启迪。

One of the biggest systematic projects and corn goals for future scientific research is to transfer the specific individual 'being-in-the-world' into their unique way of brain-body system. Vittorio Gallese,awell known Italian neurophysiologist, has been working on 'phenomenologize neuroscience' with his research team. In virtue of the dialogue between phenomenology and neuroscience, they systematically studied both the function of mirror neuron and the neurological base of empathy. Meanwhile, such work has also taken on new meaning through the reciprocal interpretation with the contributions of Husserl, Stein and Merleau-Ponty. For Gallese, when we observe a living individual, we actually confront a set of expressive capabilities. There is a shared manifold of intersubjectivity between self and the other. The sensory description of the observed social stimuli is akin to the internal representations of actions, emotions, and sensations. In observation, as if the observer, himself, was experiencing the action or emotion. This result has a far-reaching impact on the subsequent discussion of empathy both in the area of phenomenology and neuroscience.