民主宪法的工程学

The Engineering of Democratic Constitution

从社会契约理论推导出的民主宪法凝聚了人民的意志,表征民主、组织国家、维持民主是其使命。宪法工程学兴起于新兴民主国家制度选择的实践,它能够回应宪法与民主的关系,阐释民主如何在宪法之中加以贯彻,亦发现宪法如何控制民主。它是理解宪法内涵、实现宪法效力与发挥宪法功能的新的理论路径。这种路径不仅包括了设计民主的逻辑,也涵盖了宪法如何通过制度结构和组织功能维持政治过程的运作并促进审议民主,如何通过政治活动参与者与宪法的互动关系确保宪法效力并推动宪法发展。通过厘清乃至建设宪法工程,宪法作为根本法的地位和功能才能完全彰显。宪法工程学广泛运用于宪法建立国家和民主转型的过程之中,也是理解民主运行的思路,它充分体现了宪法的结构性特征和组织化功能,通过设计民主制度并控制民主过程实现宪法的目标。

Democratic constitution derived from the social contract theory embodies the will of people, organizes the state and represents and upholds democracy. Constitutional engi- neering arises from the practice of institutional choice in new democracies. It responds to the re- lationship between constitution and democracy, explains how democracy is carried out through constitution, and tries to find out how the constitution controls democracy. It is a new theoreti- cal approach to understanding the connotation of the constitution, effectively implementing the constitution, and giving full play to the function of the constitution. It not only includes the log- ic of designing democracy, but also answers such questions as how to control the political process and promote deliberative democracy through the structure and system of the constitution, how to ensure the validity of the constitution, and how to promote the development of constitu- tion through the interaction between participants of political activities and the constitution. By clarifying and constructing constitutional engineering, the position and function of the constitu- tion as the fundamental law of the state can realize. Constitutional engineering is widely used in the establishment and democratic transition of the state. It achieves the goal of democratic con- stitution by designing democratic institutions and controlling democratic process.