近代英法科学家职业化及身份认同

The Establishment of Scientists' Professional Identities in Modern Britain and France

近代以来的科技发展极大地改变了世界的面貌,改变了人们的生活。作为科技中的重要因素的科学家这一职业的身份认同有其自身发展的历程。18到19世纪是科学家职业发展的重要时期,越来越多的科学家靠科学工作谋生,科学成果在公众的心目中扮演了越来越突出的角色。科学家的职业化始于科学业余爱好者的兴趣和好奇,继而自发性地集结成立各种学术团体,逐渐被政府认可和接纳并大力支持,随之在研究机构和大学里发扬光大。经过几个世纪的历练、蜕变和积累,科学家最终在19世纪末完成职业化的发展。近代科学家职业化发展的历程是值得研究的课题,了解这一过程有益于厘清科技人才发展的脉络和把握未来科学的发展方向。

The development of modern science and technology has greatly changed the world and human life. As an important part of science and technology, the professional identity of scientists has its own development story. The 18th and 19th centuries are important periods for scientists＇ professional development as more and more scientists made a living from scientific work, and scientific achievements played an increasingly prominent role in the eyes of the public. The professionalization of scientists started from the interest and curiosity of amateur scientists, and then they spontaneously assembled to form various academic groups, which are gradually accepted and supported by the government and further developed in research institutions and universities. After centuries of experience, transformation and accumulation, scientists eventually completed their professionalization process by the end of 19th century. The history of modern scientists＂ professional development deserves study. Understanding this process will help us get a clear understanding of the development of technological talents and the future direction of scientific development.